- •2. Word stress in Proto-Germanic and its morphological consequences.
- •Voicing of fricatives in Proto-Germanic (Verner’s Law).
- •6. The West Germanic lengthening of consonants or Germination
- •7. The second consonant-shifting (High German).
- •8. The ablaut in the Indo-European languages and Germanic languages.
- •9. The Proto-Germanic phonology. The vowels.
- •Vowel Triangle Front Back
- •Vowel system’s Processes :
- •10. The umlaut in Old Germanic languages.
- •11. The inflectional system of Proto-Germanic: general concept.
- •12. The verb categories in Old Germanic languages.
- •13. Strong verbs in Gothic language.
- •I minor class – haitan
- •II minor class – letan
- •14. The weak verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •2. Second Weak Conjugation.
- •3. Third Weak Conjugation.
- •4. Fourth Weak Conjugation
- •15. Preterite-present verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •16. The verbals in Old Germanic languages. Infinitive and participle: their origin and morphological categories.
- •17. Nominal parts of speech in Old Germanic languages, their morphological categories.
- •18. Old Germanic noun and its morphological categories.
- •19. The morphological structure of the noun in Proto-Germanic.
- •20. Old Germanic strong declension of nouns. P. 73
- •21. Old Germanic weak declension of nouns.
- •22. Old Germanic strong and weak declension of adjectives.
- •23. The pronoun in Old Germanic languages: its morphological categories.
- •Demonstrative
- •24. The vocabulary of Proto-Germanic. (p 101-103)
- •25. The Indo-European legacy in the Germanic vocabulary: the notion of isogloss.
- •Western branch ( Centum): Celtic, Italic (Latin), Germanic, Anatolian, Hellenic, Tocharian Eastern branch (Satem): Baltic, Slavonic, Arminian, Albenian, Aranian, Indo-aryan (Indic), Thracian
- •27. Old Germanic vocabulary: borrowings. The notions of substratum and superstratum.
- •28. Simple and composite sentence characteristics in Old Germanic languages.
- •29. The concept of the comparative method: reconstruction and asterisk. P 20.
- •30. The concept of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-European family of languages.
- •31. The Indo-European tree-diagram of languages: the notions of parent language, daughter languages and dialect; genetically related languages and closely related languages.
- •32. The home of the Indo-Europeans: the existing concepts.
- •33. The concept of Centum and Satem languages.
- •34. Old Germanic of the Indo-European languages. Basic division. The concept of Proto-Germanic.
- •35. Periodization of Old Germanic languages. Old North Germanic languages: general characteristics.
- •37. The West Germanic tree-diagram of languages.
- •38. The East Germanic branch of languages: general characteristics.
- •39. The North Germanic branch оf languages: general characteristics.
- •40. Old Germanic alphabets. The distinguished written records.
- •41. The Runic alphabet, its origin.
- •42. Old English literary monuments.
- •43. Old Icelandic and its literary monuments.
- •The Eddas
- •Skaldic poetry
- •44. Old Saxon and its written records.
- •45. Pliny’s classification of the Germanic tribes.
- •47. The age of migrations: the Visigoths.
- •49. Division of the Frankish Empire and its linguistic consequences.
- •IiIc ad…..Vc – started the creation of Frankish empire
- •50. Old Germanic mythology and beliefs (general outline).
- •Viking:
- •53. Old Frisian ethnic community: geographical, cultural, and linguistic evidence.
- •55. Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians: their original home and migration to the British Isles.
- •56. Paganism vs. Christianity in Old Germanic ethnic communities.
- •57. Old Germanic peoples’ beliefs and mythology.
25. The Indo-European legacy in the Germanic vocabulary: the notion of isogloss.
Lexical isoglosses cover all the areals of the IE language community. The areal of the isoglosses can be wider, narrower or it can cover only 2 or 3 areals. , as: Germanic – Baltic lexical isoglosses, Germanic – Slavonic, Germanic – Baltic - Slavonic
An isogloss is the locative boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature.
One of the most well-known isoglosses is the centum-satem isogloss.
Western branch ( Centum): Celtic, Italic (Latin), Germanic, Anatolian, Hellenic, Tocharian Eastern branch (Satem): Baltic, Slavonic, Arminian, Albenian, Aranian, Indo-aryan (Indic), Thracian
The isogloss:
narrow meaning: the line on the map showing the spread of this or that ling. phenomenon;
broad sense: a lexical or morphological unit common for certain group of lang-es and which is not encountered (не зустрічається) in the other lang.-es (я маю – в мене є; мешкати – проживати).
Words which have common IE root have certain lexical meaning. They reflect surrounding world, natural phenomena, things necessary for people for living. We distinguish such semantic groups of words:
Natural phenomena and enviroment: heavenly bodies, atmospheric phenomena, relief, seasons
(snow,rain,cold)
Names of animals, birds, plants
Parts of human body
Terms of kinship (mother, sister, son)
Productive activity (cow, sheep, milk; some metals and their processing : iron, copper)
Abstract notions
Similar to an isogloss, an isograph is a distinguishing feature of a writing system. Both concepts are also used in historical linguistics.
26. Old Germanic vocabulary: common Germanic word stock. (p. 101-103)
САБО стр 103
27. Old Germanic vocabulary: borrowings. The notions of substratum and superstratum.
The oldest borrowings from Celtic lang. were borrowings of law, social and military terms:
Goth lekeis – лікар, цілитель
OE lead – свинець
OIsl. leđr – шкіра
The oldest borrowings from Latin took place in the I century A.D. These were :
Military terms:
L campus> OE camp, OHG champf – поле.
Roads, buildings
L milia> OE mil, OHG mila – миля, тисяча кроків.
Food and drinks
L vinum> Germ. *wina> Goth wein, OHG win (>G Wein), OE win (>E wine) – вино.
Plants and animals
L piper> OHG pfeffar (G. Pfeffer), OE pipor (>E pepper) – перець.
Clothes and shoes
L saccus> OHG sac (>G. sack), OE sacca (>E sack) – мішок.
Trade (торгівля)
L moneta> OHG monizza (>G. Münze), OE mynet (>E mint) – монета.
Household goods
L discus> OHG tisks (>G. Tisch), E dish – диск, плоске блюдо.
Slavic borrowings:
Slav. * osenь> Germ. asani (час жнив)
Slav. *vorgь> Germ *warga (ворог)
Slav. pluь> Germ ploga (плуг)
A substratum is a conquered “under - layer” dialect/language over which the language of the conquerers is dominating
Celtic lang. is a substratum for Engl. 449 year – Anglo-Saxons settled on the British Isles where the Celts were.
A superstratum is a dialect/language of the conquerors dominating over a conquered dialect/language