улюблений предмет. 4. Можна мені писати олівцем? 5. Може, головний інженер повернеться завтра. 6. Я незадоволений твоєю відповіддю. Ти міг би відповісти краще. 7. На екзамені вам не можна користуватися словниками. 8. Вони, напевно, все ще обговорюють це питання. 9. Вам слід бути уважнішими на заняттях. 10. Їм не потрібно було проводити перевірку ще раз. 11. В Інтернеті є свої магазини, де ви можете купити все, що забажаєте. 12. Такий пошук доведеться провести. 13. За планом я повинен поїхати на цю конференцію. 14. Може бути можливо або може бути неможливо виправити вхідну інформацію відразу ж. 15. Чи повинна ця операція проводитися багато разів? - Ні, не повинна. - Ні, не потрібно.

Hеособові форми дієслова

(Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)

Інфінітив (The Infinitive)

Інфінітив – це безособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і відповідає на запитання що робити?, що зробити?.

Ознакою інфінітива в англійській мові є частка to, але в багатьох випадках інфінітив вживається без частки to.

to write - писати

to answer – відповідати

Форми інфінітива та їх переклад

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встановлювати – бути встановленим

To increase, to carry out, to connect, to break, to build, to cut, to purify, to fill, to obtain, to send, to design.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms of the infinitive.

1.Our duty is to help this student. 2. I am sorry not to have been informed about it.

3.To be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 4. Radio waves may be made to perform many services more or less closely related to communication. 5. I am glad to have been asked to take part in research. 6. He seems to have finished his work. 7. He is known to have been working on this problem for many years. 8. They learnt to communicate with other users through computer networks. 9. Automated Management Systems are known to have appeared quite recently. 10. He wants to be asked at the lesson. 11. I am sorry to have broken your pen.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1. He seems (to read) now. 2. He seems (to read) since morning. 3. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday. 4. Mathematics may (to study) in its own right (pure mathematics), or as it is applied to other disciplines such as physics and engineering (applied mathematics). 5. We know Popov (to invent) the radio in 1895.

6.Digital devices can (to connect) wirelessly to larger networks and the Internet.

7.She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here. 8. There are a lot of terms used (to describe) computers. 9. The term computer can (to apply) to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it. 10. An interesting report (to present) on the first day of the conference was put off.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1.Я радий, що працюю разом з ним. 2. Я радий, що працював разом з ним.

3.Я радий, що мене посилають на цю конференцію. 4. Я радий, що мене послали на цю конференцію. 5. Мені дуже шкода, що я пропустив цю цікаву лекцію. 6. Його завдання полягало в тому, щоб вивчити новий процес. 7. Вони, напевно, зараз створюють хороші умови для роботи. 8. Вони, напевно, створюють хороші умови для роботи багато років.

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Exercise 1. Translate the sentences, in which the infinitive is:

a)a subject.

1.To train highly qualified scientific workers is extremely important for the development of Ukrainian science. 2. To operate the complex device is rather difficult. 3. To master a foreign language is necessity for all the students. 4. To solve this problem is rather difficult. 5. To separate iron from sulphur is an easy task.

b)a part of a predicate.

1.The engineer must know the conditions under which the new material is to be utilized. 2. The new apparatus was to control all the temperature changes during the experiment. 3. You must improve your methods of work. 4. This engineer is to design a new high-speed device. 5. Our aim is to fulfil our work in time.

c)an adverbial modifier.

1.To increase the productivity of the machine-tool one should know the

characteristics of the material which is being machined. 2. This problem is too complex to be solved by students. 3. This method is accurate enough to give reliable results. 4. To reinforce the metal engineers use artificial fibers. 5. The form of the equation should be simple so as to be useful for the calculation.

d)an attribute.

1. The process to be analysed in this article is known as ionization. 2. Our plant produces automatic and semiautomatic machine-tools to be installed in new large shops. 3. The famous scientist Lebedev was the first to solve the problem of synthetic rubber. 4. The laboratory assistant will be the last to leave the classroom. 5. The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Kyiv.

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e)an object to verbs.

1.He ordered them to bring the books to the University. 2. He ordered them to examine the machine tools without delay. 3. The teacher asked the students to prepare the reports on this subject.

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian. State the forms and functions of the infinitive.

1. Many professors can use their laptops to project slides or lecture notes. 2. Laptops can also be taken into the field to gather data. 3. Computers can be used to drive telescopes to various celestial objects. 4. It is easy to setup a laptop for a multimedia presentation of your company’s products and services. 5. There is really no need to transport the resulting product long distances to the consumer. 6. An automated factory, office, or industrial process uses machines to do the work instead of people. 7. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge. 8. Our task is to obtain a new mixture with new properties. 9. The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. 10. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. 11. The question is difficult to clarify in few words, and precise definitions are difficult to find.

Exercise 3. Transform the sentences according to the models.

Model 1: She is so busy that she cannot talk to you. – She is too busy to talk to you.

1. The problem is so difficult that it is impossible to solve it. 2. The rule was so difficult that they did not understand it. 3. This metal is so brittle that it is impossible to use it in our case. 4. This experiment is so serious that it is impossible to explain it in a few words. 5. I was so busy that I could not see anyone.

Model 2: I have no books which I can read. – I have no books to read.

1. I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can’t go to the concert with you. 2. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow. 3. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct. 4. The machine which must be tested in our laboratory was constructed by our students. 5. The problem which must be solved was discussed at the meeting.

Model 3: S. Kovalevskaya was the first among women who became a professor. –

S.Kovalevskaya was the first among women to become a professor.

1.The laboratory assistant is the last who leaves the laboratory. 2. He is always the first who comes to the university. 3. I am sure he will be the first who will come to the meeting. 4. A. Popov was the first man who invented the radio. 5. M.V. Lomonosov was the first who received the higher education among peasants in

Russia.

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Model 4: They evacuated everybody from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce the risk. – They evacuated everybody from the danger zone to reduce the risk.

1. He worked hard. He wanted not to lag behind the other students. 2. He read many articles. He wanted to make this report. 3. I get up early. I want to come to my university in time. 4. We study diligently. We want to become good specialists. 5. The lecturer demonstrated some diagrams. He wanted to explain this problem.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the infinitive.

1. Вона щаслива, що вчиться в цьому університеті. 2. Вчитися наполегливо – завдання кожного студента. 3. Наше завдання полягало в тому, щоб закінчити роботу до 5 грудня. 4. Він перший допоміг нам. 5. Завдання було надто складним, щоб зробити його за годину. 6. Він досить досвідчений, щоб виконати це завдання. 7. Існує багато міркувань, які слід взяти до уваги при визначенні космічної швидкості. 8. Метал, який буде використаний в нашому експерименті, повинен бути твердим.

Об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс (The Objective Infinitive Complex)

Перша частина комплексу – особовий займенник в об’єктному відмінку або іменник (неозначений займенник) у загальному відмінку. Друга частина комплексу – інфінітив.

На українську мову перекладається здебільшого підрядним додатковим реченням. Перша частина комплексу – іменник чи займенник – відповідає підмету підрядного речення, а друга частина – інфінітив – присудку.

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Exercise 1. Put “to” before the infinitive where it is necessary.

1. I’d like him … go to the university but I can’t make him … do. 2. We consider the results … be satisfactory. 3. The students saw the device … begin to operate. 4. Heat causes most materials … become slightly bigger. 5. This energy can make an electron … pass from one orbit to another. 6. Everybody knows Tsiolkovsky … be one of the greatest scientists of his time. 7. Firms are concentrating on systems that allow small quantities … be produced with minimum lead-time. 8. Gravitation makes water … run down a hill. 9. We noticed the temperature … fall very quickly. 10. I heard Prof. N. … deliver a lecture on the subject.

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Exercise 2. Transform the sentences according to the models.

Model 1: I know that he is a good student. – I know him to be a good student.

1. I know that your uncle is an excellent mathematician. 2. We expect that the scientists will study this proposal thoroughly. 3. We consider that this idea is selfevident. 4. Suppose that α is a constant value. 5. We know that metal conducts electricity. 6. We consider that he is a great organizer of popular education. 7. The whole world knows that Lobachevsky demonstrated and explained the principles of the theory of parallel lines. 8. We know that a mechanical workshop was established.

Model 2: The delegation entered the building of our University. We saw it. – We saw the delegation enter the building of our University.

1. The operator controlled the functioning of the equipment. We often watched him. 2. Peter took my pen. I saw it. 3. The temperature fell. I felt it. 4. He spoke at the meeting. I heard it. 5. The bell rang. The students heard it. 6. He shut the door of the study. I heard it. 7. He repaired the computer. I saw it. 8. The skilled worker assembled the tiny devices very quickly. The visitors saw it.

Model 3: Do you want to make a speech? No, I want you to make a speech.

Do you want to …

1. introduce the speaker? 2. attend the conference? 3. give a talk? 4. test these new devices in the laboratory? 5. do this work in time? 6. to become an engineer?

7.read an article about metals? 8. tell about an electric circuit?

1.Після дієслів, що виражають сприймання за допомогою органів чуття

інфінітив пасивного стану не вживається; в цьому випадку вживається дієприкметник минулого часу.

I heard his name mentioned during the conference. - Я чув, як його ім'я згадували під час конференції.

2.Після дієслів to hear і to see об'єктний інфінітивний комплекс не вживається, коли ці дієслова не виражають чуттєве сприймання, а вжиті в переносному значенні – to hear чути в значенні дізнаватися, to see бачити в значенні розуміти, помічати. В цьому випадку вживається підрядне додаткове

речення.

I see that you have made some progress in English. – Я бачу (помічаю), що ви зробили успіхи в англійській мові.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я ніколи не чув, як він розмовляє англійською мовою. 2. Я чув, що він склав всі іспити. 3. Я чув, що він закінчив університет і виїхав в своє рідне місто. 4. Я ніколи не бачив, як він ремонтує обчислювальне обладнання, але я чув, що він ремонтує дуже добре. 5. Я бачив, що вона не розуміє цього правила, і вирішив пояснити його їй ще раз. 6. Вона бачила, що він увійшов до будівлі

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університету. 7. Я побачив, що текст дуже важкий. 8. Я бачив, як ремонтували цей верстат кілька разів. 9. Ми бачили, як комп'ютери навантажили на машину.

Після дієслів, що виражають бажання, поряд із зворотом «об’єктний відмінок з інфінітивом в пасивному стані» вживається об’єктний відмінок з Past Participle.

I want the work to be done immediately. = I want the work done immediately. Я хочу, щоб робота була виконана негайно.

Exercise 4. Analyse the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1.The teacher wants our homework to be prepared well. 2. The engineer wants the machine tested. 3. They wanted the device to be examined carefully by experts.

4.He wished the matter taken seriously. 5. I want the experiment to be repeated.

6.He wants the plan improved. 7. The teacher wanted the pressure to be measured.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Objective Infinitive Complex.

1.I know her to be a good engineer. 2. I heard him tell the teacher about it. 3. We consider all the bodies to consist of atoms. 4. I wish you to complete your tests as quickly as possible. 5. We expect the scientists to be involved in this work. 6. I think our engineers to be working on this project now. 7. We consider them to be completing their research work. 8. We suppose the engineer to begin their research in a few days. 9. They believed the article to have been translated before. 10. Experience shows this strategy to have produced better results than more traditional algorithms. 11. People make systems work. 12. The use of this device permits more complex experiments to be carried out. 13. This allows fine technological operations to be automated. 14. It enabled the temperature to be measured. 15. The dean allowed the time-table to be changed. 16. The teacher ordered the room to be aired. 17. High temperature allowed the reaction to be carried out in two hours. 18. It causes the monitor to indicate computer failure. 19. These are graphic programmes that allow the designer to use pen or stylus on electronic pad.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences into English using the Objective Infinitive Complex.

1. Ми примусили Джорджа працювати. 2. Я знаю, що з цим інженером приємно мати справу. 3. Мені хотілося б, щоб ви прийшли на збори. 4. Я не змушую вас робити це. 5. Мій батько хотів, щоб я вчився в цьому університеті. 6. Ми знаємо, що Попов винайшов радіо у 1895 році. 7. Ми хотіли, щоб він взяв участь в цій конференції. 8. Наші інженери вважають, що новий прилад дасть високу точність. 9. Оператор спостерігав за тим, як працюють нові прилади. 10. Я знаю, що ці прилади з'явилися не так давно.

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Суб’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс (The Subjective Infinitive Complex)

Переклад суб’єктивного інфінітивного комплексу

Кажуть, що він випробовує цей прилад.

Перекладається на українську мову:

1)складнопідрядним реченням з сполучником що (переклад починається з присудка);

2)простим реченням з вставними словами.

Уреченнях, що містять Complex Subject, присудок може бути:

1)дієсловом в пасивному стані:

2)дієсловом в активному стані:

3)словосполученнями:

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Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to Complex Subject.

1. The device is believed to find widespread use in the textile industry. 2. The students of our university are known to have their industrial training in specially equipped laboratories, workshops and enterprises. 3. This experiment was considered to be dangerous. 4. Peter is certain to do this work. 5. This problem seems to be very complicated. 6. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists. 7. These devices are considered to be very effective. 8. His invention is thought to be of great importance. 9. The new plant is reported to go into operation next year. 10. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 11. She is not likely to change her opinion. 12. All bodies are known to absorb waves from other bodies. 13. Everything around us is known to be composed of atoms. 14. He is said to have been appointed director of a big plant. 15. The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer. 16. Linear programming proved to be especially effective in analyzing industrial processes. 17. The French mathematician Pascal is known to have constructed the first mechanical computer. 18. The lifetime of the equipment is assumed to be 30 years. 19. This approach is unlikely to be successful. 20. These experiments are likely to have been made in suitable conditions.

Exercise 2. Transform the sentences according to the models.

Model 1: It seems they know all about it. – They seem to know all about it.

1. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end. 2. It seems that silver is the best conductor. 3. It seems that the Egyptians made some use of iron a number of centuries before our era. 4. It happens that this method gives satisfactory results. 5. It seems that the laser beam has almost unlimited industrial possibilities. 6. It appears that these chemical changes were caused by heat. 7. It appears that this new approach to the problem discussed is the most satisfactory. 8. It appears that this laboratory is working out new possible applications of a laser.

Model 2: The application of this new theory will certainly give accurate results. -

The application of this new theory is sure (certain) to give accurate results.

It is (im)probable that the meeting will be postponed. – The meeting is (un)likely to be postponed.

1. The conference will certainly begin in June. 2. The application of this device will certainly give better results. 3. They will certainly come to an agreement. 4. He will certainly give us some useful information. 5. It is certain that Benjamin Franklin is one of the most creative minds of his time. 6. It is probable that they will be late. 7. It is probable that the conference will be held in Kyiv. 8. It is probable that the output of the plant will increase under these conditions. 9. It is improbable that his article will be published in this science journal.

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Model 3: It is said that they work in this field. – They are said to work in this field.

1. It is said that Kate is preparing for her entrance examinations. 2. It is reported that the delegation arrived in Paris on the 10th of September. 3. It is said that she has been teaching mathematics for thirty years. 4. It is expected that the meeting will begin this morning. 5. It is said that they are good workers. 6. It was thought that the new engineer had graduated from the University. 7. It is said that this scientist made a very interesting discovery. 8. It is said that this machine was tested by the new engineer.

Exercise 3. Instead of these simple sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex write the Complex Sentences.

Model: This work seems to be difficult. – It seems that this work is difficult.

1. They appear to know the subject. 2. The new student seems to spend all his free time in the laboratory. 3. The new machines are thought to be better than the old ones. 4. Peter is considered to be the best student of our group. 5. He is said to have passed all his examinations well. 6. The new methods of work proved to be good. 7. The delegation is reported to have left Kyiv. 8. He is considered to be an experienced engineer.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the Subjective Infinitive Complex.

1. Кажуть, що його батько працює на цьому заводі. 2. Передбачалося, що він буде працювати по неділях після полудня і вечорами. 3. Повідомляють, що польська делегація прибула до Києва. 4. Вважають, що він дуже освічена людина. 5. Він виявився здібним математиком. 6. Припускалося, що монітор комп’ютера викликає (to cause) сильний стрес, головний біль і стомлення очей (eye strain). 7. Передбачають, що засідання закінчиться о 10 годині. 8. Кажуть, що він зараз працює над цим винаходом. 9. Він виявився хорошим працівником. 10. Він, здається, знає цей предмет дуже добре. 11. Ймовірно, що це питання обговорюватиметься на зборах сьогодні. 12. Навряд чи він погодиться взяти участь в цій роботі.

Дієприкметник (The Participle)

Дієприкметник – це неособова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова, прикметника і прислівника.

Форми дієприкметника

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Функції дієприкметника в реченні

Present Participle Active:

1) означення; Conflicting reports have been published.

– Були опубліковані повідомлення, що перечать один одному.

2) обставини (часу, причини, способу (When) reading books I make notes. – дії); Читаючи книги, я роблю замітки.

Being well-prepared I passed examinations. - Будучи добре підготовленим, я склав іспити.

He sat on the sofa reading a book. – Він сидів на дивані, читаючи книгу.

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кордоном, він відмовився.

Written in pencil the article was difficult to read. - Оскільки стаття була написана олівцем, її важко було читати.

3) предикатива.

The estimates are considered in their article. – Ці оцінки розглядаються в їх статті.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms and functions of the participles.

1. The width of the conveyer employed varies from 22 in. to 26 in. 2. Having done our work we went home. 3. The little plump woman standing at the window is my teacher. 4. People living two hundred years ago knew nothing of radio. 5. The device functioned all the time using the energy of the sun. 6. Testing this device the engineer used some new methods. 7. When given time to think, he always answered well. 8. The plant being built in our district will produce computers. 9. Copper is of great value, being a good conductor of electricity. 10. There are industrial robots, robots that help in space exploration, medical field, agriculture, and humanoid robots being created for the service sector. 11. Our ancestors hadn’t the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our everyday life. 12. Having been repaired, the engine began operating better. 13. He has been working in the laboratory since early morning. 14. Some other examples of telerobots are surgery being done with the help of a telerobot, or doctors using remotely located robots to communicate with their patients.

Exercise 2. Transform the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses.

Model 1: The students who live in this room formed a football team. – The students living in this room formed a football team.

1. Most of the people who work at our factory have received comfortable flats in new houses. 2. The students who live on the left bank of the river cross this bridge twice a day. 3. The man who is making the report is our teacher. 4. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 5. The young man who helps the professor in his experiment studies in our group. 6. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 7. The figures that follow show the dependence of the rate of reaction on temperature.

Model 2: When we saw our teacher, we stopped and waited for her. – Seeing our teacher, we stopped and waited for her.

1. When the students entered the classroom, they turned on the light. 2. When I crossed the bridge, I met my classmate. 3. When she heard her name, she turned round. 4. When we arrived in London, we went sightseeing the city. 5. When the

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students saw the dean, they entered the classroom. 6. When he graduated from the University he went to work to Lviv. 7. When we heard the teacher’s voice we stopped talking.

Model 3: When Paul studied at the University, he published several scientific articles. – When studying at the University, Paul published several scientific articles.

1. When we heat a magnet, we lessen its magnetism. 2. When the engineers were discussing the design, they suggested a few improvements. 3. While the lab assistant was making his experiment, he put down all necessary data. 4. While he was studying at the University, he became interested in electricity. 5. When the operator presses the keys, he makes the machine operate. 6. While the boy was being examined, he could not help crying. 7. Students should always be attentive while they are listening to the lecturer.

Model 4: When she had finished her work, she went home. – Having finished her work, she went home.

1.When we had discussed chemical reactions we proceeded to the experiments.

2.After he had studied the question in detail, he was able to answer all the questions asked him by the professor. 3. When Ann had done her home-work, she decided to have a rest. 4. When we had passed our examinations we entered the third year.

5.When my brother had graduated from the University, he went to work at a factory.

6.After the engine had been repaired, it began operating better. 7. After the mechanic had repaired the engine, he showed it to the engineer.

Model 5: The decisions which were adopted at the conference are supported by many scientists. – The decisions adopted at the conference are supported by many scientists.

1. The machines which are made at our plant are exported to many countries of the world. 2. A central angle is an angle which is formed by two radii. 3. The report which was followed by the discussion showed the importance of this problem. 4. The device which was constructed by this young engineer is of great importance for our work. 5. The purpose of electrical source is to produce the necessary electromotive force which is required for the flow of current through the circuit. 6. A piece of steel which is heated to a bright cherry red and suddenly chilled becomes very hard. 7. Ecasilicon is the element which was predicted by Mendeleyev and discovered by Winkler, now known under the name of germanium.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Participle Active or Perfect Participle Active.

1. (To do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (To do) his homework, he went for a walk. 3. (To read) the book the student returned it to the library. 4. (To read) the book he made some notes in it. 5. (To discuss) the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations. 6. (To

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conduct) many experiments scientists proved that electricity had an atomic character.

7.(To use) the energy of the atom we produce electric energy at atomic power plants.

8.(To determine) the meaning of the Z² norm we make the following definitions.

Exercise 4. Choose the right form of the participle.

1. Who is the boy (doing, done) his homework at that table? 2. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting. 3. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before. 4. Some of the questions (putting, put) to the lecturer yesterday were very important. 5. The heat (producing, produced) is equal to the work (doing, done) to produce it. 6. We need devices (improving, improved) the accuracy of measurements. 7. The device (improving, improved) gives more accurate measurements. 8. The lab assistant (making, made) the experiment works in the evening. 9. The results of the experiment (making, made) in our lab were good. 10 The most common type of existing robotic devices is the robot arm often (using, used) in industry and manufacturing. 11. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, (using, used) in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the required form of the participle.

1. Будучи дуже зайнятим, він не відразу почув мене. 2. Зробивши уроки, я пішов гуляти. 3. Ми прочитали декілька статей зарубіжних учених, що описують нові машини. 4. Після того, як ми приїхали до Києва, Віктор відразу відправився до університету. 5. Стаття, написана одним із студентів нашої групи, дуже цікава. 6. Ця властивість залежить від речовин, які використовуються. 7. Використовуваний метод спростив (to facilitate) всю процедуру. 8. Оскільки електронний мікроскоп (an electron microscope) був сконструйований у 1931 році, він у жодному випадку не є новим винаходом.

Об’єктивний дієприкметниковий комплекс (The Objective Participle Complex)

Підмет + присудок + складний додаток

у підрядному реченні

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5.Після дієслів have і get. У цьому I had my computer repaired yesterday. випадку вживається тільки Past - Я відремонтував комп'ютер вчора ( у

Participle. Дієслова have і get значенні: я відремонтував не сам, а вказують на те, що дію виконує не хтось інший відремонтував мені його). суб’єкт, який є підметом у реченні, а інша особа. Українською мовою ці дієслова не перекладаються.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Objective Participle Complex.

1. They regard the exercises as being too simple for them. 2. The mathematician is free to consider “geometry” as defined by any set of consistent axioms about “points”, “straight lines”, etc. 3. We disliked the problem being treated in this way. 4. We know the problem having been solved long ago. 5. We know him working at this problem since 1990. 6. We know them being invited to all our meetings. 7. We consider the parameter as utilized to limit the number of questions asked. 8. We have the device repaired. 9. We have already mentioned this method as affording good results.

Exercise 2. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Complex.

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