1.Інженерів готують у технічних вузах і на деяких факультетах університетів.

2.У мене багато товаришів у політехнічному університеті.

3.Багато відкриттів наших науковців та інженерів запатентовано закордоном.

4.Деякі випускники нашого університету мають намір вступати до аспірантури.

5.Чи впроваджена якась твоя раціоналізаторська пропозиція?

6.Досягнення науки і техніки використовуються для блага всього людства.

Exercise 8. Transform Actives into Passives.

1.The kernel tasks include managing the systems resources.

2.The kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources.

3.The abstraction layers make implementation of the system feasible.

4.The kernel usually provides features for dispatching processes.

5.The kernel takes responsibility for resolving which of running programs should be allocated to the processor.

6.Frequently multiple programs demand more memory than the computer has available.

7.The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O operations to an

appropriate device.

8. Different kernels, depending on their design and implementation, do differently operating system functions.

9.Monolithic kernels execute all the operating system code in the same address space.

10.Microkernels run most of the operating system tasks in user space.

Exercise 9.Fill in the gaps with Past Participles of verbs in brackets.

Multi-function devices and Device Containers

Afore Windows 7, every device attached to the system was … (treat) as a single functional end-point, which has a set of capabilities and a “status”. This is quite appropriate for single-function devices (such as a keyboard or scanner). But it does not accurately represent multi-function devices such as a combination printer/fax machine/scanner, or web-cams with a built-in microphone. In Windows 7, the drivers and status information for multi-function devices can be … (group) together as a single “Device Container”. Then the user manipulates this container in the new

…(create) by Windows and … (associate) with each functional end-point, when it is

…(connect) to the computer for the first time. In order to ensure the uniqueness of

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the generated Container ID, Windows attempts to use information unique to the device, such as a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or Universal Serial Bus (USB) serial number.

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the Passive Voice from the box below:

simplify implement make group intend handle

1.The kernel … to manage communication between hardware and software components of a computer system.

2.The kernel merely corresponds to the lowest level of abstraction that … in software.

3.Several improvements and additions … to Windows 7 (and Server 2008 R2) kernel components.

4.The designing of all the software … due to the concept of abstraction layers.

5.In Windows 7 the drivers and status information for multi-function devices … together as a single “Device Container”.

6.In Microsoft Windows operating systems scheduling of threads inside a process …by the kernel.

Пряма і непряма мова (Direct and Indirect Speech)

Якщо в словах автора дієслово-присудок виражає минулу дію, то при перетворенні прямої мови на непряму час дієслова змінюється відповідно до правил узгодження часів, а саме:

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NB!

1.Якщо час дії точно зазначено, Past Indefinite і Past Continuous залишаються без змін.

3.Усі форми майбутнього часу замінюються відповідними формами Future-in- the-Past.

Відмінювання дієслова to write у Future-in-the-Past

Future Simple-in-the- Future Continuous-in-the- Future Perfect-in-the Past

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Способи передачі непрямої мови

Узгодження часів (Sequence of Tenses)

Структура узгодження часів

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Приклад побудови складнопідрядного речення

NB! Правило послідовності часів не застосовується в підрядних додаткових реченнях, які виражають загальновідомі факти.

He knew that metals conduct electricity.

The teacher told that the Earth moves round the sun.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. I know that she is busy now. 2. I knew that she worked hard. 3. I knew that she was working at some interesting problem. 4. She said that she had worked at the factory some years before. 5. I knew that she would work this Sunday. 6. She said that she had made her report the day before. 7. The teacher told me to go to the blackboard. 8. My friend asked me to give him something to read. 9. The monitor informed us that there would be a meeting that night. 10. He said that he was working when she rang him up. 11. He asked me if I had a pencil.

Exercise 2. Choose the right form of the verb from the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. He said that he (will give/ would give/ gives) me the book. 2. My friend asked me if I (work/ worked/ am working) at a plant. 3. He asked them whether they (would take part/ will take part/ take) in that work. 4. Galileo proved that the Earth (moved/

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moves/ would move) round the sun. 5. He thought that I (shall work/ shall be working/ should be working) all day. 6. They knew what (was/ is/ are) wrong in their observation. 7. He said that he (would take/ would have taken/ will have taken) his examination by the first of July. 8. We did not know he (is/ was/ were) responsible for this work. 9. I felt sure they (will discuss/ would discuss/ would be discussing) the same problem when I called. 10. He asked whether this scientific model (will apply/ would apply/ applies) to the industrial plant. 11. He asked me if I (study/ studied/ will study) at the University. 12. They said that such an idea never (had troubled/ has troubled/ will trouble) them. 13. I said that I (shall help/ should help/ should have helped) him in his work.

Exercise 3. Change from direct into indirect speech.

1. The man said, “I am an engineer.” 2. The boy said, “I have done my homework.” 3. The teacher said, “Nick does not know the rule.” 4. “I’ll meet you at the library at eleven”, Agatha said. 5. He has said, “We have finished our work.” 6. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” said my friend to me. 7. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy. 8. He said to her: “Where do you usually spend your summer holidays?” 9. The teacher said to Mike: “Does your father work at a factory?” 10. He said to us: “How many members are there in this scientific circle?” 11. The engineer asked him, “Why have you stopped the lathe?” 12. One of the boys said: “I don’t know the answer now but I shall find it out if you like.” 13. Our teacher said, “Next year we shall read articles from the technical journals.” 14. The dean asked us, “Have you passed all your exams?” 15. Some students of our group asked me, “Will you begin preparing for your last examination on Sunday?”

Exercise 4. Make up indirect questions using the verbs to ask, to want to know, to wonder in the Past Indefinite Tense.

1. Will the teacher return our exercise-books today? 2. Is the lecture very interesting? 3. What discoveries did Einstein make in 1905? 4. What is a digital computer? 5. Do people face any problems while using the Internet? 6. How does this machine work? 7. What semiconductors do you know? 8. When did scientists discover the way of splitting the atom?

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Він каже, що його батько працював на фабриці. 2. Він сказав, що його батько працював на фабриці. 3. Учений сказав, що він працює в області мирного використання атомної енергії. Він сказав, що виконав величезну кількість дослідів для того, щоб закінчити свою роботу. 4. Я сказав, що прочитаю цю книгу після того, як складу іспит. 5. Він тільки що запитав мене, в котрій годині буде лекція. 6. Я запитав її, чи знає вона професора А. Вона

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відповіла, що знає. 7. Вони вважали, що методи відрізняються. 8. Нам сказали, що цей метал буде використаний для інструментів. 9. Викладач велів мені доробити курсовий проект до вівторка. 10. Лектор попросив студентів не шуміти.

Модальні дієслова (Modal Verbs)

До модальних належать такі дієслова: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to та інші. Вони вживаються у сполученні з інфінітивом іншого дієслова й означають не саму дію, а лише ставлення до неї мовця.

Деякі особливості модальних дієслів

1. Не змінюються ні за особами, ні за I can read. He can read. числами.

2.Не мають безособових форм - інфінітива, герундія, дієприкметника.

3.Не мають часових форм - майбутнього часу, тривалих і перфектних часів.

4.Після модальних дієслів інфінітив We can rearrange the constituents of the вживається без частки to (за system.

винятком дієслова ought).

5.У третій особі однини у Present This mechanism must produce some

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в) вказівка на те, що The window wouldn’t предмет не виконує свої open. – Вікно не функції (в заперечних відчинялося.

реченнях);

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Переклад модальних дієслів у сполученні з Perfect Infinitive

Exercise 1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. We must pass the exam in physics. 2. I can do this work myself. 3. He can go to the library with you. 4. You may take any book you like. 5. He must be at the University at 9 o’clock. 6. Important principles may be flexible. 7. This view ought to be accepted. 8. You have to write this exercise. 9 They had to work at night.

Exercise 2. Put the following sentences into the Past and Future Indefinite.

1. They may see these documents. 2. She may work in the laboratory. 3. We must work in the reading-hall. 4. A definite volume of oxygen must be taken as a standard. 5. The workers can use this motor to drive compressors. 6. The workers must employ

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this machine. 7. People can use heat, electricity and light for many purposes. 8. We can produce heat by means of chemical action.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using could + Perfect Infinitive as in the model. Translate into Ukrainian.

Model: I could prepare the report but I didn’t do it. – I could have prepared the report.

1. She could buy this book but she didn’t buy it. 2. She could pass her examination in physics but she failed. 3. I could see them after work but I didn’t do it. 4. He could work well but he didn’t want. 5. He could see this machine but he didn’t do it. 6. He could show how each part related to the others but he didn’t do it. 7. He could complete his research in time but he didn’t do it because he worked very slowly.

Exercise 4. Paraphrase the following using the verb may expressing reproach. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Model: I wish you were more attentive. – You might be more attentive.

1. I wish you had done it in time. 2. I wish he behaved properly. 3. I wish you used this instrument for measuring gas pressure. 4. I wish the student entered the classroom. 5. I wish he completed all necessary measurements himself. 6. I wish you used the new devices for your research. 7. I wish they had been there yesterday.

Exercise 5. Paraphrase the following using the verb must. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Model: I am sure he is a very good engineer. – He must be a very good engineer. I am sure he has left his book at home. – He must have left his book at home.

A.1. I’m sure he has plenty of time. 2. I’m sure he is an experienced mechanical engineer. 3. I am sure he is in the library now. 4. I am sure the lecture is interesting.

5.I am sure it is a very difficult rule.

B.1. Evidently they are preparing for their examination. 2. I am sure she is waiting for us at the entrance. 3. He looks sad. I am sure he is having some problem.

4.Where is Peter? Evidently he is reading in the library. 5. I am sure they are working now.

C.1. I’m sure it happened on Sunday. 2. I am sure he left his fountain pen in the lecture-hall. 3. Evidently some mistakes were made in assembling the parts of the machine. 4. I am sure there were some mistakes in the calculations. 5. Evidently the introduction of symbols for negative numbers was a further source of difficulties.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay special attention to the meaning and use of the modal verbs and their equivalents.

1. You may go away now I shall finish the work myself. 2. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 3. Students are not allowed to smoke at the University. 4. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again. 5. The

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work is to be completed by the end of June. 6. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the way he should. 7. They ought to pay more attention to the problem. 8. We shall be able to correct the program. 9. I will direct my critical remarks to the author of the article. 10. Under such conditions the reaction would not proceed. 11. While Sophia Kovalevskaya was in Heidelberg she would attend lectures on mathematics and do a lot of practical work, as well. 12. There must be an answer to the question. 13. They will have to work initially with design engineers and then with technicians to produce the hardware. 14. The first automatic computers could operate at the low speed. 15. These data need not be referred to. 16. This method may be used in reactions 4, 5, 6. 17. This method may have been used in reactions 4, 5, 6. 18. This result may be extended to all the cases. 19. This result may have been extended to all the cases. 20. The difficulty must be overcome. 21. The difficulty must have been overcome. 22. His name might have been added to the list. 23. This line should have been put into operation long ago. 24. You should have tested the device more carefully considering its importance.

Exercise 7. Choose the correct variant.

1.Computer hardware … be divided into four categories: input hardware, processing hardware, storage hardware, output hardware.

2.… I use your mobile phone?

3.To see and hear all these files, you … have the right plug-in.

4.As Sophia Kovalevskaya’s family used to live in the village of Palibino almost all the year round, her father … invite teachers from St. Petersburg.

5.We … translate technical texts in the third year.

6.You … look through the latest magazines before you begin working.

7.When we finish our experiment, we … make a report about it.

8.You … make experiments under the direction of a skilled instructor.

9.You … do this work at once!

a) have to b) shall c) will

10. With a well-designed CPU, you … perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very

Exercise 8. Translate into English using the modal verbs.

1. Ми можемо закінчити цю роботу сьогодні. 2. Я не міг відповісти на друге запитання. 3. Не може бути, щоб він провалився на екзамені з фізики. Це його

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