- •1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Lexical units.
- •Lexical units.
- •3. Etymological survey of the English lexicon.
- •The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •4. Types of word meaning. Word meaning and motivation.
- •5. Change of meaning in English.
- •11. Derivational analyses.
- •13. Convertion.
- •14. Compounding
- •15. Abbreviation.
- •Some other types of word-building.
- •16. Phraseological units
- •17. Regional varieties of the English language. Lexical differences.
- •18. Ways of enriching and expanding the English lexicon.
- •19. British and American lexicography. Main types of English dictionaries
- •20. Some basic problems of dictionary compiling.
16. Phraseological units
Phraseological units are comparatively stable and semantically inseparable. The essential features of phraseological units are stability of the lexical components and lack of motivation.
The interpretation of the phraseology in Engl.
a way of expressing oneself
a way in which words and phrases are used especially by particular individuals and group of individ.
Features:
they are ready-made unit
they are characterised by stability of grammatical structure and lexical components
they are idiomatic, transferred. They are colourful, expressive, stylistically marked.
The debatable problems:
the problem of the adequate term and its definition ( The definition is felt to be inadequate as the concept ready- made units seems to be rather vague. In fact this term can be applied to a variety of heterogeneous linguistic phenomena ranging from word-groups to sentences (e.g. proverbs, sayings, collocation, lexical phrases) and also quotations from poems, novels or scientific treatises all of which can be described as ready-made units)
the problem of the lang. material which is reflected to phraseology ( narrow and wide approaches in phraseology: some scholars used term word equivalents instead of phrasal units. This narrow understanding. Now many scholars expand a wide approach to phraseology and they include in the phraseologycal sentence idioms, proverbs, saying, clause idioms).
3.the problem of the classification of the lang. material
classification of Vinogradova:
Phraseological fusions(сращения) are completely non-motivated word-groups, such as red tape — ‘bureaucratic methods’; heavy father — ’serious or solemn part in a theatrical play’; kick the bucket — ‘die’; and the like. The meaning of the components has no connections whatsoever, at least synchronically, with the meaning of the whole group.
Phraseological unities are partially non-motivated as their meaning can usually be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit. For EG: to skate of thin ice – рисковать; to sit on the fence – выжидать; a big bug – важная шишка.
Phraseological collocations are motivated but they are made up of words possessing specific lexical valency which accounts for a certain degree of stability in such word-groups. In phraseological collocations variability of member-words is strictly limited. We can say take a liking (fancy) but not take hatred (disgust).)
classification of Konina :
one-summit units at large, by the way.
phraseological units with the structure of coordinate or subordinate word group to burn one’s fingers / by hook and by crook.
phras. Units, structures with an impeded clause, that is a lexeme + clause sheeps that passin the night.
clause idioms when pigs fly
nominative- communicative phraseological units break the ice – the ice is broken
sentence idioms sticking time saves
interjections (восклицание) it’s a pretty kettle of fish.
Collocation – habitual association between particular words. They are not transferred. (heavy traffic, weaping willow плакучая ива).
Lexical phrases- Cristal devides them into polywords (by the way, so) and institutionalized expressions (how do you do).
Proverb- short traditional saying of a didactic nature ( a stick in time saves nine).
Sayings - concise observation that expresses fock, wisdom.(time flies)
There are several sources of phraseological units. One of them is the development of cultural and economical spheres of life.A great many phras. units come from the words of Greek and Latin classics from the Bible and from myths and legends. EG: the apple of discord – яблоко раздора.