m10-31

ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɇȺɍɄɂ ɊɎ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ

ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»

ȻɂɈȽȿɈȽɊȺɎɂə ɂ ɉɈɑȼɈȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ

ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

2010

3

ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ɍɑȿȻɇɈɃ ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɂ ɉɈ «ȻɂɈȽȿɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ɂ ɉɈɑȼɈȼȿȾȿɇɂɘ»

ɍɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ «Ȼɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ» ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɫɬɪɚ ɫ 15 ɢɸɧɹ ɩɨ 23 ɢɸɥɹ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ «Ȼɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ», «ɉɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ «Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ».

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ:

1.ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

2.ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ.

3.Ɉɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.

4.ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ.

5.ɉɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɦɭɡɟɟɜ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ.

6.Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ – ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ (ɦɭɡɟɣɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ «Ⱦɢɜɧɨɝɨɪɶɟ», ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɚɝɪɨɛɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɆȽɍ «ɑɚɲɧɢɤɨɜɨ» ɢ ɞɪ.).

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɥɨɪɟ ɢ ɮɚɭɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɮɨɬɨ- ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɛɪɢɝɚɞɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ.

ɍɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ: ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ – ȿɥɟɰ – ȿɮɪɟɦɨɜ – Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɤ – Ɍɭɥɚ – ɋɟɪɩɭɯɨɜ – ɉɭɳɢɧɨ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ; ɞɚɥɟɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ – Ɍɜɟɪɶ – Ȼɨɥɨɝɨɟ – ȼɚɥɞɚɣ – ɉɭɲɤɢɧ – ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɢɥɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ – Ʉɚɥɭɝɚ – Ȼɪɹɧɫɤ – Ʉɭɪɫɤ – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ. ɗɬɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɬɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧ.

ɘɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ: ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ – Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɠɫɤ – Ʉɚɦɟɧɤɚ – ɉɨɞɝɨɪɟɧɫɤɢɣ – ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤ – ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ Ɇɚɦɨɧ – Ȼɨɝɭɱɚɪ – Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ: ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ – Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɝɥɟɛɫɤ – ɇɨɜɨɯɨɩɟɪɫɤ – ɉɨɜɨɪɢɧɨ – ɍɪɸɩɢɧɫɤ – ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ – Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɶ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ

4

ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɢ, ɦɭɡɟɢ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɢ, ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ (ɇɂɂ) ɢ ɜɭɡɵ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɨɜ.

ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɵ, ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ (ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ. ɂɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɛɨɪ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɥɟɫɧɵɯ, ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ, ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ) ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɯ ɮɚɭɧɵ.

ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɞɚɸɬ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧ.

ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ.

Ɍɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɟɬɤɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɇȽ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ: ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɟɡɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɨɧɵ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ (ɝɥɟɟɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ, ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ, ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ, ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɮɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɟɪɯɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɢɡɢɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ: ɇɢɠɧɟɫɜɢɪɫɤɢɣ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɉɪɢɨɤɫɤɨ-Ɍɟɪɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɢ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɦɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ, ɜ ɝ. ɉɭɳɢɧɨ (Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ) ɫ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɊȺɇ, ɚ ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ – ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵɢɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬɦɭɡɟɢ, ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɢɢɞɪ.

5

Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ.

Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɟɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ (ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ; ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ). Ȼɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ: ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ.

Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚɯ, ɧɚɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɯ ɪ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ, ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ, Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʌɟɫɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ).

Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ (ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ), ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ. ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɹ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢɦ. ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɥɟɯɢɧɚ. ɉɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɇɂɂ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ. ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.

ɋɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ (Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɠɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ), ɏɪɢɩɭɧɫɤɨɣ (Ȼɨɝɭɱɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ), ȼɨɥɨɤɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ (Ʉɚɧɬɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ) ɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɹɧɫɤɨɣ (ɇɨɜɨɯɨɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ (ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ) ɢ ɤɚɲɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. Ɂɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɐɑɊ (ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ «Ⱦɪɭɠɛɚ» Ʉɚɧɬɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ).

ɉɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɪ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ.

ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ ɜ ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɚɪɯɢ- ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɭɡɟɣ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ «Ⱦɢɜɧɨɝɨɪɶɟ», Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ «ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧɚ», Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɢɣ Ɉɪɞɟɧɚ Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ.

ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.

6

ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɆȺɊɒɊɍɌɈȼ ɂ ɗɄɋɄɍɊɋɂɃ

Ɍɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬ: Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ – Ɍɜɟɪɶ – Ȼɨɥɨɝɨɟ – ȼɚɥɞɚɣ – ɉɭɲɤɢɧ – ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟ- ɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.

ɘɠɧɟɟ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ – ɬɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɗɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɞɨ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. ɇɚ ɸɝɟ ɡɨɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬ ɫ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ Ɍɭɥɚ – Ɋɹɡɚɧɶ – ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ – Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ – ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ 56° ɫ.ɲ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɸɝ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɟɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 500–700 ɦɦ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ ɡɨɧɵ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɹɧɜɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ –3–1 6°ɋ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ +17 – +18 °ɋ.

Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ: ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɧɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɥɸɜɢɨɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɦɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɥɦɨɜ, ɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ɍɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɹɠ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɜɚɥɵ, ȼɚɥɞɚɣɫɤɚɹ, ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɨ-Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫ Ʉɥɢɧɫɤɨ-Ⱦɦɢɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɹɞɨɣ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ 290 ɦ ɞɨ 460 ɦ (ɧɚ Ɍɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɹɠɟ). ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɨ-Ɇɨɫɤɨɜ- ɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɦɢ 230–320 ɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɚɹ, ɉɨɥɟɫɶɟ ɢ Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɚɥɭɧɨɜ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɚɥɭɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɭɩɟɫɢ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɝɥɢɧɵ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɜɚɥɭɧɧɵɟ ɮɥɸɜɢɨɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ.

7

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɡɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ – ɩɟɪɟɝɧɨɣɧɨ-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɪɟɧɞɡɢɧɵ) ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɟɠɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪ- ɧɢɱɤɨɜɨ-ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɦɯɢ ɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ.

ȼɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɬɚɣɝɚ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɡɨɧ:

1)ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɥɟɟɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ;

2)ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɫɢɥɶɧɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɩɨɞ-

ɡɨɥɨɜ;

3)ɸɠɧɚɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɫɥɚɛɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɪ- ɧɨɜɨ-ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ȼɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɟɠɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɟɥɢ) ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɚ.

Ɍɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ: ɱɢɫɥɨ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 2–3. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɣ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɭɪɬɢɧɵ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ʌɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɢɬɧɨ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ: ɛɪɭɫɧɢɤɚ (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) ɢ ɝɪɭɲɚɧɤɚ (Pyrola). Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɬ. ȿɥɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ:

1)ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɦɯɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɢɱɧɢɤɢ, ɱɟɪɧɢɱɧɢɤɢ, ɛɪɭɫɧɢɱɧɢɤɢ;

2)ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ-ɞɨɥɝɨɦɨɲɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ; ɜ ɢɯ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɭɤɭɲɤɢɧ ɥɟɧ (Polytrichum commune), ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɯɜɨɳ (Equisetum sylvaticum); ɤ ɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ (Betula pendula Roth.);

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3) ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ; ɜ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɯɢ, ɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ – ɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɢɤ (Ledum palustre), ɝɨɥɭɛɢɤɚ (Vaccinium uliginosum), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɨɤɢ

(Carex); ɤ ɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ,

ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɫɧɚ (Pinus sylvestris);

4) ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ; ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ – ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ; ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɢɡ ɫɦɨɪɨɞɢɧɵ (Ribes), ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɢ (Padus avium), ɠɢɦɨɥɨɫɬɢ (Lonicera) ɢ ɞɪ.; ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɥɶɯɚ (Alnus incana).

ɋɜɟɬɥɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɟɥɨɜɵɟ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ (ɛɨɪɵ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ:

1)ɛɨɪ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɢɤ ɫ ɦɨɯɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɦɯɨɜ (Hypnum, Hylocomium); ɷɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɪ-ɤɢɫɥɢɱɧɢɤ, ɛɨɪ-ɱɟɪɧɢɱɧɢɤ, ɛɨɪ-ɛɪɭɫɧɢɱɧɢɤ;

2)ɛɨɪ-ɞɨɥɝɨɦɨɲɧɢɤ ɫ ɦɨɯɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɭɤɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɥɶɧɚ;

3)ɛɨɪ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɣ ɫ ɦɨɯɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɯɨɜ (Sphagnum), ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɨɪɮɚ;

4)ɛɨɪ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɫ ɝɭɫɬɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ;

5)ɛɨɪ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ;

6)ɛɨɪ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜ: ɨɥɟɧɶɟɝɨ ɦɯɚ (Cladonia rangiferia) ɢ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɯɚ (Cetraria islandica).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ ɢ

ɝɚɪɟɣ.

ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɚɣɝɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ

ɤɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɛɢɨɡɚ, ɫɩɹɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɬɤɨɱɟɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɬɚɣɝɢ.

ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɵɣ, ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ.

ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ-ɫɚɩɪɨɮɚɝɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ. ȼɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɟ ɱɟɪɜɢ,

ɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɩɚɧɰɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɳɢ ɨɪɢɛɚɬɢɞɵ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɱɟɪɜɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɨɞɵ. ɏɜɨɸ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɟɞɚɸɬ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɥɢɥɶɳɢɤɚ, ɝɭɫɟɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɹɞɟɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɜɤɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɬɢɰ ɮɢ-

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ɬɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ: ɤɥɟɫɬɵ, ɤɟɞɪɨɜɤɢ; ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜɢɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɟɣ – ɹɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɥɢɫɬɜɨɣ, ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ,

ɚɡɢɦɨɣ – ɯɜɨɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ.

ȼɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɬɚɣɝɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ, ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɢ, ɛɭɪɭɧɞɭɤɢ, ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɡɚɣɰɵ); ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ-ɡɨɨɮɚɝɢ (ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ, ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ, ɝɚɞɸɤɚ); ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɧɶɢɯ (ɥɚɫɤɚ, ɝɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɣ); ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ (ɥɢɫɢɰɚ, ɜɨɥɤ, ɪɵɫɶ); ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ (ɥɨɫɶ, ɨɥɟɧɶ, ɤɨɫɭɥɹ).

ȼɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɬɚɣɝɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɨɹɞɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɧɟɡɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɨɡɞɵ, ɝɨɪɢɯɜɨɫɬɤɢ, ɫɥɚɜɤɢ. ɇɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɹɬɥɵ, ɫɢɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɪɨɥɶɤɢ, ɩɢɳɭɯɢ, ɩɨɩɨɥɡɧɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɢɳɭ ɢɡɩɨɞ ɤɨɪɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɬɚɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ – ɫɨɜɵ (ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɚ,

ɛɨɪɨɞɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɯɜɨɫɬɚɹ ɧɟɹɫɵɬɢ).

ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɬɚ- ɟɠɧɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:

1) ɡɨɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɫ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ (500–700 ɦɦ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɜ;

2) ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɯɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɝɪɢɛɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɨɣ; ɨɩɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɯɜɨɹ) ɛɟɞɟɧ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨ-

ɛɟɧɧɨ Ca, Mg, Ʉ;

3) ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵ.

ȼɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɚɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɝɭɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ.

ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ; ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɢ – ɮɭɥɶɜɚɬɵ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɬɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦ SiO2, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɭ ɛɟɥɟɫɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ – ɮɭɥɶɜɚɬɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɝɭɦɚɬɵ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɭ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɛɭɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-

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