m10-31

ɫɬɢ (ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ) ɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ – ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 12 %. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɚɹ, ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɇɫɨɥ. ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ(Ⱥȼ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɲɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ. ȼɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɟɩɹɦ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ).

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɦɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ: ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ (ɛɟɡ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɫɧɨɣ ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ), ɪɚɫɬɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ (ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɪɟɯɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɡɦɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ). ȼ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɛɭɪɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ.

Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ: ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ.

ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ: Ⱥ(Ⱥɩɚɯ + Ⱥ)-Ⱥȼ-ȼ-(ȼɫɚ)-(ȼɋɫɚ)-ɋɫɚ.

Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɪɧɨ-ɫɟɪɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɨ-ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɟɸɳɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɛɭɪɟɸɳɭɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɹɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸ (ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨ-ɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɬɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɬɨɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɭɸ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɚɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɛɭɪɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɭɪɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɢɧɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɪɦɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ (Ⱥ+Ⱥȼ) ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50–80 ɫɦ, ɚ ɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɟɦ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɟ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɢɛɢɪɶ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ) – 40–60 ɫɦ.

61

ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɭɪɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɫɬɪɭɣɱɚɬɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɤɢ, ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɹɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɨɝɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ (ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ) ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (ɦɢɰɟɥɢɣ) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. Ƚɢɩɫ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɪɇ 6,5–6,8), ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 3–5 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ. ɉɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ (ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ 4 : 1 ɢɛɨɥɟɟ).

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɟɚɥɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ – ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɊɨɫɫɢɢ, Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣɢɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɋɪɟɞɧɟɣɋɢɛɢɪɢ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ (ɩɨ ɢɥɢɫɬɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɚɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ). Ƚɟɧɟɡɢɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɚɥɨɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ 1,0–0,8).

ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 500–750 ɬ ɧɚ 1 ɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ (9–12 %) ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɢɥɢɞɚɠɟɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɦɝɭɦɭɫɚ.

Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ: Ⱥ(Ⱥɩɚɯ + Ⱥ)-Ⱥȼ(Ⱥȼɫɚ)-ȼɫɚ- (ȼɋɫɚ)-ɋɫɚ.

Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ: ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɬɢɩɢɱ-

ɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɟɦ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɟ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ) ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɦɨɳɧɵɟ (80–130 ɫɦ) ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ (5–8 %). ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ (ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ) — ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ (Ⱥ + Ⱥȼ = 60–100 ɫɦ) ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ 7–10 %. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ (Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɟ, ɉɪɟɞɭɪɚɥɶɟ, ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɘɠɧɚɹ ɋɢɛɢɪɶ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɬɭɱɧɵɟ (ɦɧɨɝɨɝɭɦɭɫɧɵɟ) ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ 40–70 ɫɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦɝɭɦɭɫɚ 9–12 %.

62

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥȼ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɚ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɢɰɟɥɢɹ; ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɚ – ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɋɚɋɈ3 (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵȼɫɚ, ȼɋɫɚ ɢ ɋɫɚ). ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ɛɨɥɟɟɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ.

ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ

ɐȿɇɌɊȺɅɖɇɈ-ɑȿɊɇɈɁȿɆɇɕɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɃ ȻɂɈɋɎȿɊɇɕɃ ɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ ɂɆ. ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɈɊȺ ȼ.ȼ. ȺɅȿɏɂɇȺ

ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɊɎ: Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ.

Ⱦɚɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ: 10 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1935 ɝ.

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɟɞɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇɚɧɬɭɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ƚɨɪɲɟɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɬ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ (1978 ɝ.). ɐɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ, ɛɨɪɵ, «ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ») ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ.

ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ: 5287,4 ɝɚ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ: 6: ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 2046 ɝɚ, Ʉɚɡɚɰɤɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 1638 ɝɚ, Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɚ (2 ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ) – 368 ɝɚ, Ȼɭɤɪɟɟɜɵ Ȼɚɪɦɵ (2 ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ) – 259 ɝɚ, Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ – 495,1 ɝɚ, ɩɨɣɦɚ ɪ. ɉɫɟɥ (2 ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ) – 481,3 ɝɚ.

ɉɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ: ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɯɪɚɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 28 662 ɝɚ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ: ɫɬɟɩɶ, ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ ɞɧɢɳ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 100 ɦ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ, ɹɦ, ɩɪɨɜɚɥɨɜ. ȼɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɸɞɱɚɬɨ-ɛɭɝɨɪɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ.

63

Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ 58 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5,5 qC. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ –8,0 qC ɢ –7,7 qC), ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɵɦɢ – ɢɸɧɶ, ɢɸɥɶ ɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ (17,2 qC, 18,8 qC ɢ 17,7 qC). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 0 qC ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ) ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 233 ɞɧɹ (ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɡɚ 58 ɥɟɬ).

Ɉɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɰɢɤɥɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɫɚɞɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ. Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 577,5 ɦɦ. ȼ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ (29 ɦɦ), ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ – ɧɚ ɢɸɥɶ (77 ɦɦ).

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɡɢɦɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧ –5,8 qC. Ɉɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 142,0 ɦɦ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ 57 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ – ɫɧɟɝ ɢ ɫɧɟɠɧɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɠɢɞɤɢɟ (ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɦɨɪɨɫɶ). Ɂɢɦɧɢɟ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ. Ɂɢɦɚ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɟɬɪɟɧɵɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5–6 ɦ/ɫ. ȼɟɫɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ 24 ɦɚɪɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ 63 ɞɧɹ. Ʌɟɬɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 17,8 qC. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ – 98 ɞɧɟɣ. ȼ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ, ɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɨ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 35 % ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ.

ȼɨɞɨɟɦɵ: ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ: Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɚ (ɪ. Ⱥɩɨɱɤɚ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɨɡɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɚ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɡɟɪɤɢ ɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ƚɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ), Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ (ɪɭɱɟɣ Ƚɧɢɥɟɰ, ɨɡɟɪɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ), ɩɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ (ɪɟɤɢ ɉɫɺɥ ɢ Ɂɚɩɫɟɥɟɰ, ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ-ɫɬɚɪɢɰɵ). Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 9 ɝɚ.

ɉɨɱɜɵ: ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɟ. ɐɟɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ, ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɇɨɳɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɚɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ. ɉɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɉɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɹɦɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1,5 ɦ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟ-

64

ɝɧɨɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 10 ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 9–12 %, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ 540 ɬ/ɝɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ – ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɩɨɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ.

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ:

ɝɪɢɛɵ – 951, ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ – 155,

ɦɯɢ – 140,

ɩɥɚɭɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ – 1, ɩɚɩɨɪɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ – 10, ɯɜɨɳɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ – 6, ɝɨɥɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ – 8, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ – 1212, ɤɪɭɝɥɨɪɨɬɵɟ – 1, ɪɵɛɵ – 26, ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ – 10, ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ – 5, ɩɬɢɰɵ – 210, ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ – 46.

Ɏɥɨɪɚ: ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɹɦɢ. Ʌɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɢɥɢɟɦ ɞɜɭɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ.

ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ- ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɵɯ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɡ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ: ɤɨɫɬɪɟɰ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɜɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɢ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɪɚɣɝɪɚɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ, ɬɢɩɱɚɤ, ɬɨɧɤɨɧɨɝ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵ: ɝɨɪɢɰɜɟɬ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ, ɤɪɭɩɤɚ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ, ɩɟɪɜɨɰɜɟɬ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ, ɤɥɟɜɟɪɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɢɣ, ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɲɚɥɮɟɣ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ, ɝɨɪɨɲɟɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɷɫɩɚɪɰɟɬ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɲɤɢ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɥɨɝɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ) ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɥɭɝɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ: ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ, ɤɨɫɬɪɟɰ ɛɟɡɨɫɬɵɣ, ɩɵɪɟɣ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ, ɧɢɜɹ-

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ɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨ ɞɧɢɳɚɦ ɥɨɝɨɜ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ: ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ ɜɹɡɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦɟɪɢɰɚ Ʌɨɛɟɥɹ.

Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɬɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɯ ɦɟɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɐɑɁ – Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɟ ɢ Ȼɭɤɪɟɟɜɵɯ Ȼɚɪɦɚɯ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɶɩ»; ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ – «ɠɢɜɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɦɢ». ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ, ɤɚɤ: ɜɨɥɱɟɹɝɨɞɧɢɤ ɛɨɪɨɜɨɣ, ɩɪɨɥɨɦɧɢɤ Ʉɨɡɨ-ɉɨɥɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɥɨɞɭɲɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɠɢɥɤɨɜɚɹ, ɲɢɜɟɪɟɤɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ, ɞɟɧɞɪɚɧɬɟɦɚ Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɜɫɟɰ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɣ.

ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢ ɥɭɝɨɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ (5–12 ɥɟɬ) ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2320 ɝɚ (44 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ).

Ȼɨɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɚ, Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ɉɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 260 ɝɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ: ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ, ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ, ɪɨɝɨɡɨɜɵɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɥɚɤɢ (ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɦɚɧɧɢɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɫɟɞɟɸɳɢɣ, ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ), ɨɫɨɤɢ (ɨɫɬɪɚɹ, ɥɨɠɧɨɫɵɬɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɪɨɝɨɡɵ (ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ), ɯɜɨɳ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ (ɞɭɞɧɢɤ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɨɤɨɩɧɢɤ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɡɸɡɧɢɤ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ, ɲɥɟɦɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɱɢɫɬɟɰ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ, ɞɟɪɛɟɧɧɢɤ ɩɪɭɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɤɢɩɪɟɣ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ, ɜɟɪɛɟɣɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ). ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ ɢɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ – ɩɟɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɨɦɤɨɣ, ɩɹɬɢɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɣ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɶɹ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɨɬ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ, ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40, ɢɯ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 25 ɝɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɯɨɜ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 15 ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɂɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɯɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ: ɩɨɥɢɬɪɢɯɭɦ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ, ɚɭɥɚɤɨɦɧɢɭɦ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ, ɝɟɥɨɞɢɭɦ Ȼɥɚɧɞɨɜɚ, ɞɪɟɩɚɧɨɤɥɚɞɭɫ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. ɇɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɩɭɲɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɢɜɵ: ɪɨɡɦɚɪɢɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ, ɭɲɚɫɬɚɹ, ɩɟɩɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɩɹɬɢɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɚɹ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ: ɜɚɯɬɚ ɬɪɟɯɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ, ɫɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ, ɨɫɨɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɩɭɲɢɰɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɚɹ, ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ 14 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ʉɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɤɚɥɥɢɟɪɝɨɧ ɫɨɥɨ- ɦɟɧɧɨ-ɠɟɥɬɵɣ, ɝɟɥɨɞɢɭɦ Ȼɥɚɧɞɚ, ɩɫɟɭɞɨɛɪɢɭɦ ɰɢɧɤɥɢɞɢɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɫɮɚɝɧɭɦ

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ɫɤɪɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫɮɚɝɧɭɦ ɛɭɪɵɣ, ɫɮɚɝɧɭɦ ɦɚɝɟɥɥɚɧɨɜ, ɫɮɚɝɧɭɦ Ɋɭɫɫɨɜɚ, ɫɮɚɝɧɭɦ ȼɭɥɶɮɚ, ɨɫɨɤɚ ɩɥɟɬɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɨɫɨɤɚ ɬɨɩɹɧɚɹ, ɩɭɲɢɰɚ ɫɬɪɨɣɧɚɹ, ɦɹɤɨɬɧɢɰɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɲɟɣɯɰɟɪɢɹ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɪɨɫɹɧɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ-ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɬɚɦɢ. ɂɡ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɪɹɫɤɚ ɬɪɟɯɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ; ɪɞɟɫɬɵ ɤɭɪɱɚɜɵɣ, Ɏɪɢɡɚ ɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ. ɂɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵ ɪɹɫɤɚ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɹɫɤɨɜɵɯ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɪɢɰɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ – ɜɨɥɶɮɢɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ Ʉɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɪ. ɉɫɟɥ ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɬɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ – ɤɭɛɵɲɤɚ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɢ ɤɭɜɲɢɧɤɚ ɛɟɥɨɫɧɟɠɧɚɹ («ɜɨɞɹɧɚɹ ɥɢɥɢɹ»). Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ.

Ʌɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

Ʌɟɫɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɨɬ 30 ɞɨ 550 ɝɚ. ɉɨɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2233 ɝɚ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 1815 ɝɚ (81 %) ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, 418 (17 %) – ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɠɟ – ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɇɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɫɢɧɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɥɶɯɚ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɜɵ ɥɨɦɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɟɥɚɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɚɯ; ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɛɚɥɨɤ; ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɨɣɦɟ ɪ. ɉɫɟɥ.

Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ Ʉɚɡɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɢ ɢ Ȼɭɤɪɟɟɜɵɯ Ȼɚɪɦ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɟɫɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɨɤ, ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɫɬɶɛɵ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɟ, ɪɟɠɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ʉɚɡɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ 4–5-ɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɭɛɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ 65–85-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 100 ɥɟɬ). ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɥɧɨɬɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɥɨɝɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɭɪɬɢɧɵ ɞɭɛɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɝɧɟɡɞɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɹɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ, ɪɟɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɢɧɚ, ɝɪɭɲɚ, ɹɛɥɨɧɹ, ɢɜɚ ɤɨɡɶɹ, ɢɥɶɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɟɧ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚ-

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ɬɚɹ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɲɚ, ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ – ɹɛɥɨɧɹ, ɤɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɹɡɵ ɲɟɪɲɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɣ.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɭɛɚ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɞɢɤɢɯ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɝɪɭɲɚ ɞɢɤɚɹ, ɹɛɥɨɧɹ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ), ɪɟɠɟ ɢɥɶɦɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɹɫɟɧɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɥɟɳɢɧɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ – ɠɟɫɬɟɪ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬɟɪɧ, ɛɭɡɢɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ, ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɵ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɵɣ, ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤɢ, ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ ɨɬɨɝɧɭɬɨɱɚɲɟɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɣ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ (ɤɨɩɵɬɟɧɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ, ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɩɪɨɥɟɫɧɢɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɪɧɨ-ɪɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɤɪɚɩɢɜɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪ.).

Ʌɟɫɚ Ɂɨɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɦ (ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ɋɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɢɳɟ) ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦɢ

ɢɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ɋɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɢɳɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ, ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɪɟɡɨ-ɞɭɛɨ-ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɴɹɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɥɢɩɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ

ɢɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɵ ɤ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɩɨɣɦɟ ɪɭɱɶɹ Ƚɧɢɥɟɰ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɥɶɯɨɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ, ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɢɜ (ɥɨɦɤɨɣ, ɛɟɥɨɣ), ɬɨɩɨɥɟɦ ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ.

Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɦɢ (ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɩɭɲɢɫɬɨɣ) ɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɛɵɜɲɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ (ɜɧɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬ) ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ: ɪɹɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɫɜɢɞɢɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ, ɤɪɭɲɢɧɚ ɥɨɦɤɚɹ, ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤɢ, ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ ɢɜɵ ɬɪɺɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɚɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɝɧɟɡɞ, ɢ ɩɟɩɟɥɶɧɚɹ.

Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɉɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ (62 %) ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɠɢɦɢ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɥɶɲɚɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɵɪɵɦɢ ɤɪɚɩɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɣɦɵ, ɡɚɬɨɩɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɢɜɧɹɤɢ (ɢɡ ɢɜ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɢ ɥɨɦɤɨɣ) ɢ ɨɥɶɲɚɧɢɤɢ (ɢɡ ɨɥɶɯɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ) ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɤɥɟɧɚ ɹɫɟɧɟɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɭɛ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɜɟɬɥɹɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɯ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɟɜɵɫɨ-

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ɤɢɦ ɝɪɢɜɚɦ, ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɬɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ. ȼ ɨɥɶɲɚɧɢɤɚɯ ɦɨɤɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɤɚɦɵɲɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɬɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ.

Ɏɚɭɧɚ: ɗɧɬɨɦɨɮɚɭɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȿɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɭɧɨ-ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ: ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ, ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 16 % ɜɢɞɨɜ. ȼ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ «ɫɬɟɩɧɹɤɢ» – ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰɵ Harpalus caspius, Zabrus spinipes, Taphoxenus gigas, ɱɟɪɧɨɬɟɥɤɚ Blaps halophila, ɭɫɚɱɢɤɨɪɧɟɝɪɵɡɵ Dorcadion equestre ɢ D. holosericeum, ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢ Myrmica deplanata ɢ Leptothorax stipaceus, ɛɚɛɨɱɤɢ Colias crocea, Melanargia galathea, Zerinthia polyxena, Lasiommata maegera, Colias chrysotheme, Melithaea britomartis ɢ ɞɪ.

ɗɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɚɫɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɵ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɟ. Ʉ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚ-

ɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰ Carabus excellens, C. stsheglovi, C. haeres, ɱɟɪɧɨɬɟɥɨɤ Oodescelis melas, ɛɚɛɨɱɟɤ Eucloe ausonia, Polyommatus thersites, Muschampia tessellum, Hyles euphorbiae, Macroglossum stellatarum, ɤɭɡɧɟɱɢɤɚ ɞɵɛɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɧɭɸ Saga pedo ɢ ɞɪ.

ɇɟɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰɵ Abax parallelopipedus, Calosoma inquisitor, ɥɢɫɬɨɟɞ Crioceris quinquepunctata, ɳɟɥɤɭɧ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ Athous niger, ɫɥɟɩɟɧɶ Tabanus bovinus ɢ ɞɪ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɟɞ Thamnurgus rossicus – ɸɠɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɞ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɝɨɪɛɚɬɤɚ Cyrtanaspis phalerata, ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰɚ Chlaenius costulatus – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ Argiades pyrenaicus, ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɮɭɝɢɭɦɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɢ Hyloicus pinastri, Parasemia plantaginis, Rhyparia purpurata.

Ɏɚɭɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ȼ ɪ. ɉɫɟɥ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 24 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɵɛ: ɥɟɳ, ɝɭɫɬɟɪɚ, ɝɨɥɚɜɥɶ, ɠɟɪɟɯ, ɹɡɶ ɩɥɨɬɜɚ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨɩɟɪɤɚ, ɤɚɪɩ, ɥɢɧɶ, ɤɚɪɚɫɶɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ, ɤɚɪɚɫɶ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɢɞɪ.

ȼ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ 10 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ: ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɬɪɢɬɨɧɵ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨɛɪɸɯɚɹ ɠɟɪɥɹɧɤɚ, ɱɟɫɧɨɱɧɢɰɚ, ɡɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɚɹ

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ɠɚɛɵ, ɨɫɬɪɨɦɨɪɞɚɹ, ɨɡɟɪɧɚɹ, ɩɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɚɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ 5 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ: ɩɪɵɬɤɚɹ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɪɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ, ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɢɰɚ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɠ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɝɚɞɸɤɚ.

ɉɬɢɰ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɪɨɛɶɢɧɵɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɜɢɞɨɜ). ȼ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɝɧɟɡɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɸɤ, ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɲɭɧ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɫɬɟɥɶɝɚ, ɹɫɬ- ɪɟɛ-ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜɹɬɧɢɤ, ɱɟɝɥɨɤ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɬɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɩɟɥ, ɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɥɶ, ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɱɟɤɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ Ȼɚɪɤɚɥɨɜɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɝɧɟɡɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɜɢɞ – ɨɪɟɥ-ɤɚɪɥɢɤ. ɇɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɉɨɣɦɚ ɉɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɰɚɩɥɢ ɜ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.

Ɇɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ 46 ɜɢɞɨɜ. ȼ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɤɚɛɚɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɫɭɥɢ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧ ɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɥɟɧɶ. ɉɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ ɥɢɫɢɰɚ, ɛɚɪɫɭɤ, ɡɚɹɰ-ɪɭɫɚɤ. ɂɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɤ, ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɯɨɪɶ. ȼ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɯ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɧɢɰɵ, ɥɚɫɤɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ: ɪɵɠɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɚ, ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨɪɥɚɹ ɦɵɲɢ, ɦɵɲɨɜɤɚ ɒɬɪɚɧɞɚ, ɛɟɥɤɚ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɟɩɵɲ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɦɹɤ ɢ ɤɪɚɩɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɫɥɢɤ, ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɶ ɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɚ, ɪɟɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɶ-ɦɚɥɸɬɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɨɜɤɚ. ɂɡ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɨɹɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɛɟɥɨɝɪɭɞɵɣ ɟɠ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɛɭɪɨɡɭɛɤɚ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɛɟɥɨɡɭɛɤɚ.

ȼɢɞɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ʉɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɊɎ:

Ƚɪɢɛɵ: ɝɪɢɮɨɥɚ ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ, ɬɪɭɬɨɜɢɤ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ (Grifola umbellata), ɪɨɝɚɬɢɤ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɣ (Clavariadelphus pistillaris).

ɉɨɤɪɵɬɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ: ɜɟɧɟɪɢɧ ɛɚɲɦɚɱɨɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ (Cypripedium calceolus), ɜɨɥɱɧɢɤ (ȼɨɥɱɟɹɝɨɞɧɢɤ) ɛɨɪɨɜɨɣ (Daphne cneorum), ɤɢɡɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɚɥɚɭɧɫɤɢɣ (Cotoneaster alaunicus), ɤɨɜɵɥɶ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɣɲɢɣ (Stipa pulcherrima),

ɤɨɜɵɥɶ ɨɩɭɲɟɧɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ (Stipa dasyphylla), ɤɨɜɵɥɶ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɣ (Stipa pennata), ɩɢɨɧ ɬɨɧɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ (Paeonia tenuifolia), ɩɪɨɥɨɦɧɢɤ Ʉɨɡɨ-ɉɨɥɹɧ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ (Androsace koso-poljanskii), ɪɹɛɱɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ (Fritillaria ruthenica).

Ȼɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ: ɚɪɦɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɲɦɟɥɶ (Bombus armeniacus), ɝɨɥɭɛɹɧɤɚ ɪɢɦɧɭɫ (Neolycaena rhymnus), ɠɭɤ ɨɥɟɧɶ (Lucanus cervus), ɦɧɟɦɨɡɢɧɚ (Parnassius mnemosyne), ɩɚɯɭɱɢɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟɥ (Calosoma sycophanta), ɩɱɟɥɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɢɤ (Xylocopa valga), ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɞɵɛɤɚ (Saga pedo), ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɲɦɟɥɶ

(Bombus fragrans).

ɉɬɢɰɵ: ɛɚɥɨɛɚɧ (Falco cherrug), ɛɟɪɤɭɬ (Aquila chrysaetos), ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɨɧɲɧɟɩ (Numenius arquata), ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɪɥɢɤ (Aquila clanga), ɞɪɨɮɚ

(Otis tarda), ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɹ ɥɚɡɨɪɟɜɤɚ (Parus cyanus cyanus), ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɹɬɟɥ (Dendrocopus medius medius), ɡɦɟɟɹɞ (Circaetus gallicus), ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɢɤ (Buteo rufinus), ɦɚɥɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɪɥɢɤ (Aquila pomarina), ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ (Aquila heliaca), ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɫɨɪɨɤɨɩɭɬ (Lanius excubitor excubitor), ɨɪɥɚɧ-ɛɟɥɨɯɜɨɫɬ (Haliaeetus albicilla), ɫɚɩɫɚɧ (Falco peregrinus),

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