m10-31

ȼɵɪɭɛɤɚ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɟɤɚɯ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟɦ, ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɨɜɤɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɟɜ, ɤɚɧɸɤɨɜ, ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɜ. ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɯ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɚ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨɪɥɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɧɶ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɢɡɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɟɤɚɯ, ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɮɚɭɧɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ. ȼ ɝɭɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɪɞɧɹɤɚɯ ɡɜɟɪɶɤɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ. Ɋɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜɨɜ, ɢ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɟ ɥɨɫɟɣ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɥɟɬ.

ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɛɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ.

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɭ- ɝɨɜɨ-ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɯɢɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ Ⱦɨɥɵ. ɋɬɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫ ɤɨɜɵɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɦ, ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧ ɡɚ 12 ɥɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɬɪɨɟ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɤɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɦɨɫɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ «Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ». ɉɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ.

Ɂɨɧɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ

ɘɠɧɟɟ ɬɚɣɝɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɢɣ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬ ɢ ɞɨ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɦ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ: ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ (ɟɫɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɸɝ) ɡɨɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ

41

ɢɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. ɋ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɨɧɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ: Ʌɭɰɤ – ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪ – Ʉɢɟɜ – Ʉɚɪɚɱɟɜ – Ʉɚɥɭɝɚ – Ɋɹɡɚɧɶ – Ƚɨɪɶɤɢɣ – Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ – ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɪɟɤ Ʉɚɦɵ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɣ ɞɨ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɟɛɬɚ.

ɇɚ ɸɝɟ, ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ, ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɸɠɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ: ɸɠɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɚ Ʉɨɞɪ ɜ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢɢ – Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ – ɞɨɥɢɧɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ – ɫɟ- ɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɟɟ Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɚ – ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɨɧɟɰ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ Ʉɚɥɢɬɜɵ ɞɨ Ɉɫɤɨɥɚ – Ⱦɨɧ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɣ Ʉɚɥɢɬɜɵ ɞɨ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɧɨɣ – ɞɨɥɢɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɚɱɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ȼɨɥɝɚ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɚ – Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɋɵɪɬ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ.

ɘɠɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɢ ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɪɵ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɵ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɵ. ɇɚ ɸɝɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ, ɡɢɦɨɣ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ, ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ.

Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɮɚɰɢɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶɸ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ.

Ʌɟɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ, ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɭɸ ɢ ɩɧɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɶ, ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɦɨɧɨ-, ɨɥɢɝɨ- ɢ ɩɨɥɢɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ.

Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɟɥɸɛɢɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɜ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɝ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɯ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɤɨɪɱɟɜɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɨɞɶɹ.

Ʉɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ – ɞɭɛ, ɪɨɥɶ ɜɹɡɚ, ɹɫɟɧɹ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ. ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧ-

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ɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ.

ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɹɪɭɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 30 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ, ɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɦɚ.

ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɟ ɥɟɬɨ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɢɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɩɨɣɤɢɥɨɬɟɪɦɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɛɢɨɡɚ. ɂɡ ɝɨɦɨɣɨɬɟɪɦɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɩɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ) ɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɩɹɱɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɦɚ (ɤɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ, ɫɩɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.).

Ɉɩɚɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ-ɫɚɩɪɨɮɚɝɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɟ ɱɟɪɜɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɦɛɪɢɰɢɞ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɚɝɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɠɭɤɨɜ: ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ, ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚɦɢ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɠɭɤɨɜ-ɳɟɥɤɭɧɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɛɟɥɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɭɫɵɯ ɠɭɤɨɜ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɨɤɭɤɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɚ ɦɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɤɚ.

ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ-ɤɫɢɥɨɮɚɝɢ – ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɭɫɚɱɟɣ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɭɫɵɯ. Ʉɨɪɭ ɩɨɟɞɚɸɬ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɡɥɚɬɨɤ. ȼ ɤɪɨɧɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ, ɩɨɟɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɚɛɨɱɟɤ: ɩɹɞɟɧɢɰ, ɲɟɥɤɨɩɪɹɞɨɜ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɟɪɬɨɤ, ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɩɢɥɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ, ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɢɦɚɝɨ) ɠɭ- ɤɨɜ-ɥɢɫɬɨɟɞɨɜ, ɯɪɭɳɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɠɭɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ-ɮɢɬɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɤɨɫɨɫɭɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ (ɬɥɢ, ɱɟɪɜɟɰɵ, ɰɢɤɚɞɵ, ɥɢɫɬɨɛɥɨɲɤɢ, ɰɢɤɚɞɤɢ, ɤɥɨɩɵ).

ɇɟɦɚɥɨ ɮɢɬɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ: ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɵɠɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɚ, ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨɪɥɚɹ ɦɵɲɢ.

Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɥɢɫɬɜɵ, ɬɪɚɜɵ, ɚ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɥɟɧɶ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɪɚɥ, ɢɡɸɛɪɶ, ɜɚɩɢɬɢ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɥɟɧɟɣ ɤɚɛɚɧ ɩɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚɦɢ, ɤɥɭɛɧɹɦɢ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚɦɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɤɚɩɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɡɪɵɯɥɹɹ ɧɨɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɭ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɟɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ.

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ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ – ɡɨɨɮɚɝɢ – ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɨɠɤɢ – ɝɟɨɮɢɥɵ ɢ ɤɨɫɬɹɧɤɢ, ɠɭɤɢ (ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɚɮɢɥɢɧɵ), ɩɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɳɢ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ, ɧɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɫɟ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɬɵ.

ȼ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɚɦɮɢɛɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɢɢ.

ɇɚɫɟɤɨɦɨɹɞɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɦ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɤɪɨɧɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ. ȼ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɞɪɨɡɞɵ, ɦɭɯɨɥɨɜɤɢ, ɫɢɧɢɰɵ, ɫɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɧɨɱɤɢ.

ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɡɜɟɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɸɬ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ: ɥɢɫɢɰɚ, ɜɨɥɤ, ɛɭɪɵɣ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɶ (ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ), ɝɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɣ ɢ ɥɚɫɤɚ.

ȼ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɥɨɫɶ, ɤɭɧɢɰɚ, ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɫɨɧɢ, ɝɥɭɯɚɪɶ, ɪɹɛɱɢɤ, ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜ, ɜ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ – ɫɭɫɥɢɤ, ɫɥɟɩɵɲ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɡɟɦɥɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɹɰ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɭɲɤɚɧɱɢɤ), ɫɭɪɨɤ (ɛɚɣɛɚɤ), ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɯɨɪɶ; ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɵɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ. ɂɡ ɩɬɢɰ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɪɨɮɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɟɬ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ʉɨɫɭɥɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ, ɥɸɛɢɬ ɩɚɫɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ. ȼ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɠɚ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɭɪɨɡɭɛɤɭ, ɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɪɹ, ɚ ɢɡ ɩɬɢɰ – ɬɟɬɟɪɟɜɚ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɜɫɹɧɤɭ, ɝɨɪɥɢɰɭ, ɳɟɝɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ. ɇɚ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɟɪɧɨɹɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ. Ɉ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ.

Ɂɚɩɚɫɵ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ – 400–500 ɬ/ɝɚ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ (ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 30 ɢ ɞɚɠɟ 50 ɬ/ɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɦɨɦ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɦ ɡɨɨɦɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 1 ɬ/ɝɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɡɨɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɢɨɦɨɜ ɫɭɲɢ.

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ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ: ɫɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɸɠɧɭɸ.

ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɶ ɨɞɟɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɠɞɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ.

ȼɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɶ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ.

ɘɠɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ɂɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɧɚɞ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

ȼɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɝɥɚɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ: ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɉɨɞɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ; ɘɠɧɨɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɹɠɚ; ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ;

ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɇɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ; ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ȼɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ. Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬɵ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ȼȽɍ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚ-

ɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ.

ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ. Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚ (ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 300 ɦ). Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ ɢ Ʉɭɪɫɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɟɜɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢ. ɉɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɤɥɢɡɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɟɤɥɢɡɵ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɵ ɪɟɤ ɭɡɤɢɟ, ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵ ɸɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɛɥɢɡɢɪɟɤɫɦɵɬɵ. ɗɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

ȼɸɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (100–200 ɦ) ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

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ɩɨɪɨɞ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɤɥɢɡɵ, ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɯ, ɚ ɜ ɦɟɥɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ, ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹɦ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɬɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ. ɉɢɫɱɢɣ ɦɟɥ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ, – ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚɹ, ɤɚɪɫɬɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ.

ȼɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ, ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ. Ʌɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɟɟ, ɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɞ 500–600 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɹ

ɜɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ, ɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ – ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ. ȼ Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɬɭɱɧɵɦ.

ɇɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɭɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɚɹ

ɫɟɫɬɶ. ɇɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ Ⱦɨɧɚ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 0,5–1,2 ɤɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ 1 ɤɦ2. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

Ʌɟɫɚɦɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ. ȼɫɸ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ- ɧɭɸ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚɯ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ, ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɫɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɵ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɟɫɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼ Ɍɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ

ɜɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ.

Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ – ɞɨɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ. Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɟɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ. «ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ» – ɬɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ȼ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɡɨ-ɉɨɥɹɧɫɤɢɣ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ – ɜɨɥɱɟɹɝɨɞɧɢɤ ɋɨɮɢɢ (Daɪhnɟ Sophia) ɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɝɨɪ – ɩɪɨɥɨɦɧɢɤ ɦɨɯɧɚɬɵɣ (Ⱥndrosaɫɟ villosa). ȼ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɦɢ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ «Ƚɚɥɢɱɶɹ ɝɨɪɚ»).

ɂɡ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɟɣɲɟɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɭɞ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨ-

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ɪɨɞɚɦ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɤɥɢɡɵ, – Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ. ɋ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ – ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɨ-ɨɬɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ.

Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-

Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɧɢɡɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɭɝɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɚ.

ȼɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 160–180 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ 200 ɦ. ɋɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɭɪɵɯɥɵɟɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟɦɟɡɨɤɚɣɧɨɡɨɣɫɤɢɟɨɫɚɞɤɢ.

Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɪɟɥɵɦɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɟɤ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɡ ɞɨɥɢɧ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

Ɉɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɦɟɫɬɶɹɯ (ɩɥɚɤɨɪɚɯ) ɡɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ. ɋɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɰɚ.

Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ – 500– 400 ɦɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɂɢɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɲɢɪɨɬɟ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɜɟɧ 102 ɞɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ 124 ɞɧɹɦ ɜ Ɍɚɦɛɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.

ɉɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ Ɉɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɬɭɱɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɞɢ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɢ. ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ.

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ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ ɛɨɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɐɧɵ, ɍɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ, ɏɪɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ Ȼɢɬɸɝɚ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɨɪɨɜ, ɍɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɹ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɥɟɧɹ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹɯ ɪɟɤ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ – Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɏɨɩɪɚ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɚɱɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɉɟɬɪɟ I ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ.

ɉɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɵ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ. Ƚɭɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɵɦ ɛɨɥɨɬɨɦ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɨɡɟɪɤɨɦ, ɢ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɣɦɥɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɢɜɵ ɩɟɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ (Sɚliɯ cinerea). Ɍ.ɂ. ɉɨɩɨɜ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɫɬɚɯ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɶ. ȿɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɵɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ. ɇɚ ɸɝɟ Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɯ ɢ ɤɥɸɤɜɚ.

Ɋɟɤɢ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɭɬ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɣɦɚɦ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɢɰ ɢ ɨɡɟɪɤɨɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɏɨɩɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɜɵɯɭɯɨɥɢ.

ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟ-

ɫɨɜ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 50 ɤɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɫɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ – ɫ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ (Ɋɹɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ, Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ), ɚ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ, ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ) ɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɯɬɵɪɰɟɜɚ ɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ: 1) ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ 2) ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. ɉɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ: ɚ) ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɛ) ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɜ) ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɟ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ: ɚ) ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ, ɛ) ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɜ) ɬɟɦ- ɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɞɵ: ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɝɥɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɹɯ; ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ – ɧɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ; ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ – ɧɚ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɚɯ; ɩɟɫɬɪɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ – ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɳɚɯ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɨɫɨɥɨɞɟɥɵɟ.

48

ɉɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ); ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ.

ȼ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɟ ɥɟɬɨ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 4q; ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ – 10q–11q; ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɸɥɹ – 18q–19q. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ 10q ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2200 ɞɨ 2500q. Ɉɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 550–570 ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ Ƚ.Ɍ. ɋɟɥɹɧɢɧɨɜɭ, ɡɚ ɦɚɣ – ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,3. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɥɨɲɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ. ɉɨɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ, ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ «Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚɯ» ɛɥɢɡ əɫɧɨɣ ɉɨɥɹɧɵ. «Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɫɟɤɢ» – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ XVI ɜ. ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ (Quercus robur) ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ (Tilia cordata), ɹɫɟɧɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ

(Fraxinus excelsor) ɢ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ (Acer platanoides). ɉɨɞ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɚ-

ɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɱɜɚɦ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɦ 25–30 ɫɦ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ 10-ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ 4,1 % ɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 20–30 ɫɦ – 1,2 %. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ – 11,2 ɢ 5,6 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100 ɝ; ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ 57 ɢ 50 %; ɪɇ ɫɨɥ. 4,5–4,1.

ɂɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɚ ɢ R2O3. ȿɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɫɦ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 0,8–0,6 % ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨ 0,3–0,4 % ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɪɇɫɨɥ. 3,9–4,4 ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 110 ɫɦ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 52 % ɜ ɫɥɨɟ 30–50 ɫɦ ɞɨ 79 % ɜ ɫɥɨɟ 140–150 ɫɦ, ɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 9,7 ɞɨ 15,2 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 7–10 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ. Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨ 1–2 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ.

Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 130–160 ɬ/ɝɚ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɝɤ : ɋɮɤ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0,4–0,6. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ (ɫɥɨɣ 10–25 ɫɦ), ɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɷɬɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 1.

49

ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ1 + Ⱥ1ȿ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ 30–35 ɫɦ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɨɬ 6,1 ɞɨ 1,4 %, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɨɬ 14 ɞɨ 8,6 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɨɬ

65 ɞɨ 51 %. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ (ɪɇ KCl 4,9–4,5).

Ƚɥɭɛɠɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ (ɜ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ Ⱥ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ, R2O3 ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɢ ɪɇɫɨɥ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,3–4,5. Ʌɢɲɶ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ 150 ɫɦ ɪɇ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 4,9–5,2. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ 66 ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɞɨ 90 % ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɋ.

ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100ɝ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ – 180–190 ɬ/ɝɚ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ.

Ɍɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɍ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ1 + Ⱥ1ȼ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ 40–45 ɫɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ 6,6 %. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 1,3 % ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 40–50 ɫɦ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɝɚɱɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ (19–14 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100 ɝ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ1 ɢ Ⱥ1ȼ) ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 61–66 % ɜ ɝɨɪ. Ⱥ1 ɞɨ 83–85 % ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ; ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪ. ȼ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɇ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5, ɜ ɝɨɪ. ȼ ɨɬ 4,2 ɞɨ 4,5. Ɉɛɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɪ. Ⱥ1ȼ ɢ ȼ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 1–2 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 220–240 ɬ/ɝɚ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɝɤ : ɋɮɤ < 1 ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ A1B ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 2.

Ɉɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ, ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɢ R2O3 ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ ɜ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ1 ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɟɦ. Ɂɚɩɚɫɵ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ. ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

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