m10-31

ɫɤɨɩɚ (Pandion haliaetus), ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɬɢɪɤɭɲɤɚ (Glareola nordmanni), ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɥɭɧɶ (Circus macrourus), ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɥ (Aquila rapax), ɫɬɪɟɩɟɬ (Tetrax tetrax), ɮɢɥɢɧ (Bubo bubo), ɲɢɥɨɤɥɸɜɤɚ (Recurvirostra avosetta).

ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɫɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɟ – ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɤɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɧɟɝ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɝɪɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ (ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɬɟɧɰɵ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɧɟɡɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɬɢɰ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ). ɗɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ: ɩɨɡɞɧɨɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ.

ȼ 1959 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɤɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ: ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ.

ɋɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬ: ɘɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – 1 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ: ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ – Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɠɫɤ – Ʉɚɦɟɧɤɚ – ɉɨɞɝɨɪɟɧɫɤɢɣ – ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤ – ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ Ɇɚɦɨɧ.

ɘɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – 1 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ: ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ – Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɝɥɟɛɫɤ – ɇɨɜɨɯɨɩɟɪɫɤ – ɉɨɜɨɪɢɧɨ – ɍɪɸɩɢɧɫɤ – ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ – Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɶ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ – ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧ- ɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɠɚɪɤɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ +5,4 qɋ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɸɥɶ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20,5 qɋ.

71

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 32–35 qɋ, ɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 41 qɋ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ – ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 9,9 qɋ ɢ 9,7 qɋ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 20–30 qɋ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ, ɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ –39 qɋ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 qɋ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 2730q.

ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 192 ɞɧɹ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶɜɧɚɱɚɥɟɢɸɧɹ, ɚɫɚɦɵɟɪɚɧɧɢɟɛɵɜɚɸɬɜɩɟɪɜɵɣɞɟɤɚɞɟɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ.

ȼ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɢ, ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ – ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 9 ɞɧɟɣ, ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ – ɩɨ 5 ɞɧɟɣ.

Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 470 ɦɦ. ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 75 % ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ – 12 %, ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ – 13 %. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 30–40 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ.

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100 ɞɧɟɣ. ɋɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ-ɚɩɪɟɥɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚɯ – ɛɚɥɤɚɯ, ɥɨɝɚɯ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɞ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20–30 ɦɦ.

ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɥɟɫɫɵ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɲɩɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɜɵɯ, ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɩɚɥɟɜɵɯ, ɛɭɪɨɜɚɬɨ-ɩɚɥɟ- ɜɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɝɢɞɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ – ɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ, ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɦɢ. ɂɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 40– 80 ɫɦ. Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɢ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ, ɧɨɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢɜɧɢɯɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɝɭɦɭɫɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ: Ⱥ-(Ⱥɪ + Ⱥ)-Ⱥȼ-ȼɫɚ-ȼɋɫɚ-ɋɫɚ. Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ (Ⱥ+Ⱥȼ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 80 ɫɦ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨ 120 ɫɦ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ 3–8 %.

72

ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚȺ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥȼ. ȼ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɢ. ɋɤɜɨɡɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɯ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 300 ɫɦɢɛɨɥɟɟɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬɫɨɥɟɜɨɣɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠɧɵɟ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ, ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1,5–2 ɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɫ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɤɨɜ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ: Ⱥ (Ⱥɪ + Ⱥ)-Ⱥȼ(Ⱥȼɫɚ)-ȼɫɚ-ȼɋɫɚ-ɋɫɚ-ɋɫs-ɋsɚ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ (25–70 ɫɦ), ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ (ɞɨ 3–6 %) ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ Ⱥ ɢ Ⱥȼ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɨɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ – ɠɢɥɤɚɦɢ, ɩɹɬɧɵɲɤɚɦɢ, ɞɪɭɡɚɦɢ. ɇɚɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 200 ɫɦɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬɫɨɥɟɜɨɣɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ.

Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɪɨɞɚɦ ɤɨɜɵɥɶ (Stipa), ɬɢɩɱɚɤ (Festuca) ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɧɨɝ (Koeleria) ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɧɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɛɟɝɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɯ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚɯ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɲɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ (ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɫɬɪɚ, ɩɵɪɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɜɭɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ – ɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ (ɷɮɟɦɟɪɵ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ (ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɢɞɵ), ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ.

ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɩɢɪɟɢ, ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɜɢɲɧɢ, ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɶɧɢɤɚ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ: ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɢɞɨɜ; ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ.

73

ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɯɚɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟ-

ɥɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɨɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɦɢɪ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦɭ

ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦ, ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɵ ɨɧɢ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɛɢɨɡ, ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɩɨɤɨɹ. Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ – ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ, ɡɦɟɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ – ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɜ ɫɩɹɱɤɭ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɸɬ

ɜɛɨɥɟɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɫ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɬɢɰ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɵ.

Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɭɛɟɠɢɳ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɵɬɶɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɧɨɪ.

Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɹɞɚɦ, ɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ-ɝɟɨɮɢɬɨɜ (ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ, ɤɥɭɛɧɢ) ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢɪɢɡɨɮɚɝɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɩɪɨɮɚɝɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

ɇɚɞɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɟɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɚɪɚɧɱɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɭɡɧɟɱɢɤɢ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ.

ȼɫɬɟɩɹɯ ɫɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɨɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɵ ɫɭɫɥɢɤɢ. Ʉɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɨɪɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɟ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɪɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɛɚɣɛɚɤɚ.

Ƚɪɵɡɭɧɵ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɹɞɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɪɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɪɨɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ, ɩɢɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ – ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚɦɢ, ɤɥɭɛɧɹɦɢ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ-ɪɢɡɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟɪɨɟɜ.

ȼɫɬɟɩɹɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɚ, ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɝɪɵɡɭɧ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 15 ɫɦ, ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɤɚɦɢ, ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɝɭɛ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɪɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɩɵɲɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ (ɝɥɚɡɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ), ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ

74

ɭɲɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ, ɫ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɬɨɪɱɚɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɨ ɪɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɭɛɵ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɢ). Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɩɵɲɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚɝɧɟɡɞɨɜɚɹɤɚɦɟɪɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚɧɚɝɥɭɛɢɧɟɩɨɱɬɢ 3 ɦ.

ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɨɪɦɨɜ: ɨɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɞɨ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ, ɩɬɢɰ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢ (ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɟɜ-ɫɟɦɟɧɨɹɞɨɜ), ɠɭɤɢ-ɫɤɚɤɭɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɨɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɵ, ɨɯɨɬɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ.

Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ (ɩɭɫɬɟɥɶɝɚ, ɤɨɛɱɢɤ) ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ – ɫɚɪɚɧɱɨɜɵɯ, ɠɭɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɧɚɬɵɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ: ɨɬ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɫɥɢɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɫɭɪɤɨɜ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɥɭɧɢ, ɤɚɧɸɤ-ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɢɤ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɥ.

ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɚɦɢ. ȼɨɥɤ, ɥɢɫɢɰɚ, ɝɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɣ, ɥɚɫɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ɋɜɟɬɥɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ, ɯɨɪɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. ɋ ɸɝɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɨɪɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɧɶɢɯ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɨɪɵ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɚɯ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɨɬ 150 ɬ/ɝɚ ɞɨ 10 ɬ/ɝɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 50 ɬ/ɝɚ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 30 ɬ/ɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20–50 % ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɂɨɨɦɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫ ɨɛɢɥɢɟɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ – 10–15 ɤɝ/ɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɜ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɜɚɧɧɚɯ.

ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ

ȺɋɌɊȺɏȺɇɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɃ ȻɂɈɋɎȿɊɇɕɃ ɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ

ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɊɎ: Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ.

Ⱦɚɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ: 11 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1919 ɝ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ 24 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1927 ɝ.

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹɯ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɄɚɦɵɡɹɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɢȼɨɥɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɣɨɧɨɜȺɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: ȼ 1975 ɝ. ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɭɝɨɞɶɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (Ɋɚɦɫɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ – ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ).

75

ɐɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɭɫɬɶɹ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬ ɝɧɟɡɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɬɢɰɵ, ɪɵɛɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɢɳ, ɪɵɛɧɵɯ ɹɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ – ɥɨɬɨɫɚ, ɱɢɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.

ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ: 67 917 ɝɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 11 298 ɝɚ – ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ: 3 (Ⱦɚɦɱɢɤɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ, Ɍɪɟɯɢɡɛɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɜ

ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ Ɉɛɠɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ).

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ: ɩɨɥɭɩɭɫɬɵɧɢ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɨɦ ɢɧɬɪɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɉɪɢɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɶ. ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɉɚɥɟɚɪɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨ-ɛɟɬɩɚɤɞɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɨɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɟɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ. ɋɬɵɤ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɪɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɦɚɦ.

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫ ɠɚɪɤɢɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ. Ʌɟɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɢɣ. Ȼɟɡɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ 185 ɞɧɟɣ; ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɸɥɹ 27 qɋ. ɋɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ, ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 60 ɞɧɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ – 9 qɋ. Ʌɟɞɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 60–90 ɞɧɟɣ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 200–220 ɦɦ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ ɢ ɡɢɦɨɣ. ɑɚɫɬɵ ɜɟɬɪɵ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ, ɚ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ. Ȼɟɡɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 80. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵ ɩɵɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɪɢ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ 130–140 ɤɤɚɥ/ ɫɦ2 ɜɝɨɞ.

ȼ ɞɟɥɶɬɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɢɰɢɤɥɨɧɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɦɟɡɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 250 ɞɧɟɣ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɟɬɪɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɪɵ.

Ɂɢɦɚ ɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɦɚɪɬɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɵ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɢ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɪɵ.

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ȼɟɫɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɦɚɪɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɟ. Ɉɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɪɵɜɚ ɸɠɧɨ-ɤɚɫɩɢɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɧɨɜ.

Ʌɟɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚɯ ɦɚɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɢ ɡɧɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɉɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.

Ɉɫɟɧɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ. Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɨɹɛɪɹ.

Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɨ ɞɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɹ, ɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɣ, ɬɨ ɫɭɲɟɣ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɯɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɨɟ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɯɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.

ɇɢɠɧɟɯɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɢɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɵ. ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɬɵ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɵ. ɇɚɤɨɩɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɯɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɯɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɨɬɱɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɛɷɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɝɪɨɜ (ɨɫɬɚɧɰɨɜ ɞɨɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ), ɝɪɹɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɛɭɝɪɚɦɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɱɟɲɭɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɚ ɦɨɪɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɧɞɟɥɶɬɵ — ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.

ȼ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɞɜɨɞɧɭɸ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɛɚɷɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɹ; ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ – ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɵ. ɉɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɶɦɟɧɧɨ-ɛɭɝɪɨ- ɜɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ.

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ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ. Ⱦɟɥɶɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɭ, ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɷɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɛɭɝɪɵ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɡɨɧɵ.

ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ, ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ 3–4 ɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɥɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɰɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɷɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɝɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɥɶɦɟɧɟɣ – ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɟɧɶ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ, ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɡɨɧɚ – ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɜ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ. ȼɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɛɷɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɝɪɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢɯ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟɬ.

ȼɨɞɨɟɦɵ: ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ; ɫɬɚɪɢɰɚɦɢ, ɢɥɶɦɟɧɹɦɢ (ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɡɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɥɸɞɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ), ɤɭɥɬɭɤɚɦɢ (ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɦɢ), ɛɚɧɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɢɧɚɦɢ (ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɪɭɫɥɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ), ɚɜɚɧɞɟɥɶɬɨɣ (ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɶɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɦ ɫɨ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɞɧɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 50 ɤɦ). Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ (ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɞɨ 20 ɦ), ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ. Ȼɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɦɨɪɸ ɨɧɢ ɦɟɥɟɸɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɧɵɟ. Ⱦɟɥɶɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɇɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɭɫɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɪɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ U-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ 1–3 ɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɇɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɚɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ 0,5–1,8 ɦ. ɇɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɪɭɫɟɥ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɜ ɞɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɫɵ, ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ – «ɹɦɵ». ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ, ɜ ɪɭɫɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟɦ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɟ-ɨɫɟɧɧɟɣ ɦɟɠɟɧɶɸ. ȼɟɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ, ɚ ɥɟɬɧɟ-ɨɫɟɧɧɹɹ ɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɤɚɞɵ ɢɸɥɹ. ɉɨɥɨɢ – ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ȼɨɥɝɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɞɟɥɶɬɟ. Ɂɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɟɜ ɡɢɦɨɣ.

78

ɉɨɱɜɵ: ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ. ɉɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ: ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ, ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ, ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ, ɡɚɪɨɫɲɢɯ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɜɨɣ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɣ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ. Ⱥɥɥɸɜɢɣ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɪɨɫɲɟɣ ɢɜɨɣ, ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɡɚɥɢɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɨɝɨɡɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɨɝɨɡɨɦ ɫ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨ-ɢɥɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨ-ɢɥɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨ-ɢɥɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ɋ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɨ-ɪɨɝɨɡɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɢɥɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɧɢɧɨɣ. Ʌɭɝɨɜɨ-ɞɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ:

ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ – 11, ɩɚɩɨɪɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ – 3, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ – 314, ɤɪɭɝɥɨɪɨɬɵɟ – 1, ɪɵɛɵ – 55, ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ – 4, ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ – 6, ɩɬɢɰɵ – 283, ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ – 33.

Ɏɥɨɪɚ: ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ: ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ, ɥɟɫɧɵɦ, ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ.

Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ – ɥɟɬɧɟ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ. ȼ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɜɵ ɬɪɟɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɣ (ɛɟɥɨɬɚɥ), ɬɚɦɚɪɢɤɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɦɨɪɮɵ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɜɵ ɬɪɟɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚɦ ɢ ɤɨɫɚɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɶɹɯ ɞɟɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɪɢɤɨɜ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɦɚɪɢɤɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɫɨɥɨɧɱɚɤɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɵ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɢɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɦɢ 2–3 ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɚ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɜɚ-

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ɥɚɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ, ɡɚɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤ ɝɨɪɟɥɶɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɨɣɧɨɣ ɢɜɵ ɛɟɥɨɣ.

Ʌɟɫɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɜɵ ɛɟɥɨɣ – ɜɟɬɥɹɧɢɤɚɦɢ: ɧɢɡɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨ-ɨɫɨ- ɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɟɠɟɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɜɵ ɛɟɥɨɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɫɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ, ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɢɜɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢ- ɤɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɟɫɶɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ (ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ) ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɜɚ ɛɟɥɚɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɚɹ, ɹɫɟɧɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɚɦɨɪɮɚ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ, ɜɹɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɬɭɬɨɜɧɢɤ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ.

ɉɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɢɜɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɵɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɪɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɭɫɥ.

Ʌɭɝɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɵɟ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ: ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ (ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ ɸɠɧɵɣ, ɤɚɧɚɪɟɟɱɧɢɤ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɚɧɧɢɤ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ); ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɫɨɤɨɜɭɸ (ɨɫɨɤɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɤɚɦɵɲ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ); ɦɟɥɤɨɨɫɨɤɨɜɭɸ (ɫɢɬɧɹɝ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɚɦɵɲ ɪɚɫɤɢɞɢɫɬɵɣ); ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɭɸ (ɱɚɫɬɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ, ɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ, ɝɨɪɟɰ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɚɪɫɢɥɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɨɜɚɹ); ɤɪɭɩɧɨɪɨɝɨɡɨɜɭɸ (ɪɨɝɨɡ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ).

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ: ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ (ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɵɪɟɣ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ), ɦɟɥɤɨɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ (ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɫɬɨɩɵɪɟɧɧɚɹ, ɡɭɛɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɚɯɭɱɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɢɰɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ), ɧɢɡɤɨɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ (ɫɤɪɵɬɧɢɰɚ ɫɨɥɨɧɱɚɤɨɜɚɹ), ɤɪɭɩɧɨɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɭɸ (ɤɟɧɞɵɪɶ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɣ, ɤɥɨɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɫɬɪɚ ɫɨɥɨɧɱɚɤɨɜɚɹ), ɦɟɥɤɨɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɭɸ (ɤɥɨɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɜɟɞɹ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɚɹ, ɚɪɝɭɡɢɹ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɪɨɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ). ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 2,5 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɤɨɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɟɧɞɵɪɟɜɵɦɢ ɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ: ɦɹɬɥɢɤɚ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɫɜɢɧɨɪɨɹ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɥɨɞɤɢ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɟɪɦɟɤɚ Ƚɦɟɥɢɧɚ. ɂɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɩɚɫɨɦ ɫɤɨɬɚ. Ɇɹɬɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ, ɫɜɢɧɨɪɨɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɜɟɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɩɵɪɟɣɧɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɝɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ.

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