m10-31

ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɝɞɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɟɟ ɢ ɫɭɲɟ. Ʌɟɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɟ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɟ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ƚ.Ɍ. ɋɟɥɹɧɢɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɦɚɣ–ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1,0– 1,1, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɧ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,7 ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. Ɉɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 450–500 ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ –9, –10 °ɋ; ɢɸɥɹ 20,4 °ɋ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ 10 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2550 ɞɨ 2700, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɹɫɶ ɞɨ 2450°. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜɨɣ, ɦɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ.

ɉɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ, ɞɧɢɳɚɦ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ.

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɚɱɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɸɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ). ɗɬɨɬ ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. ɉɟɬɪ I ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɟɝɨ «ɡɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɤɭɫɬɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ» ɢ «ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ». ȿɝɨ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɭɛɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ 400–450 ɥɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ. ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɤɢɧɭɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɝ. Ȼɭɬɭɪɥɢɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɝ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜcɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 12 ɤɦ ɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱦɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɢɦ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɨɣ. ɉɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ – 40 ɤɦ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 32 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚ. Ȼɚɥɤɢ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ (Quercus robur) – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ. ȿɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɫɟɧɶ (Fraximus), ɨɫɢɧɚ

(Populus tremula), ɥɢɩɚ (Tilia), ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ (Acer campestre), ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ (Acer platanoides), ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ (Acer tataricum), ɜɹɡ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ (Ulmus pumila), ɢɥɶɦ (Ulmus), ɹɛɥɨɧɹ ɞɢɤɚɹ (Malus silvestris) ɢ ɝɪɭɲɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨ-

ɜɟɧɧɚɹ (Pyrus communis). ɂɡ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɥɟɳɢɧɭ

(Corylus), ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ (Rosa), ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ (Euonymus), ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ (Crataegus),

ɬɟɪɧ (Prunus), ɤɪɭɲɢɧɭ (Frangula). Ⱦɭɛ ɢ ɹɫɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ – ɥɢɩɚ, ɢɥɶɦ, ɜɹɡ, ɤɥɟɧ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ – ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɥɟɳɢɧɚ, ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ ɢ ɞɪ. ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɝɚɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɧɵɬɶ

(Aegopodium podagraria), ɨɫɨɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ (Carex pilosa), ɩɟɪɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɢɥɶɜɚɧɫɤɢɣ (Melica transsilvanica), ɥɚɧɞɵɲ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ (Convallaria majalis), ɤɨɩɵɬɟɧɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ (Asaram europaeum), ɦɟɞɭɧɢɰɚ (Pulmonaria) ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ – ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɣ ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɤ ɫ 350-ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɭɛɚɦɢ, ɥɢɩɚɦɢ, ɜɹɡɚɦɢ, ɬɨɩɨɥɹɦɢ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɒɢɥɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ – ɷɬɨɟɝɨɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.

51

ȼ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜ. Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ – ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɯɨɩɟɪɶɹ. ȿɝɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 42 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚ. ȼɵɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɢɣ ɪɟɤ ȼɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɏɨɩɪɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 45 ɤɦ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɣɦɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɬɸɪɤɫɤɨɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɥɟɫ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɦɚɯ». Ɇɚɫɫɢɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɧ (ɨɧɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɏɨɩɪɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ȼɨɪɨɧɵ): ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɛɟɪɟɝ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ) ɢ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɤ). ɋɚɦɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ – 164 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ, ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ – 231 ɦ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ. ȼɨɪɨɧɨ-ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤ. ȼɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ȼɨɪɨɧɚ – Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɤ ɪɟɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɫ ɜɚɥɭɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɳɨɦ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɜ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ɉɨ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɚɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɟɤɟ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟɧɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ; ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɡɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɧ. ɉɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɏɨɩɟɪ ɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɪ. Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɧ.

ɍɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɩɨɜɢɫɥɚɹ (Betula pendula). Ʌɢɩɚ ɜ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɭɛɨɦ ɢ ɹɫɟɧɟɦ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɉɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 26–30 %. Ɉɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɢɩɚ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɞɭɛ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɸɠɧɨɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ (ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ).

Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ. ɇɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 34 ɥɟɫɨɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɨɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ

ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ 8 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɫ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɒɢɥɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ), ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ 400 ɝɚ

52

ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɇɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɨɤɚɬɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨ-ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ). ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɹɫɟɧɹ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ, ɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ – ɨɫɨɤɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɣ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ: ɥɢɩɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨ- ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɨɜɵɣ. ȼ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟ ɧɟɬ ɹɫɟɧɹ, ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɵ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɢ ɞɜɭɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ, ɩɨɞɫɧɟɠɧɢɤɚ (Scilla bifolia). ɉɨ ɬɚɥɶɜɟɣɝɚɦ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɸ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ. ɇɚ ɦɵɫɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɭɛ, ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɹɫɟɧɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ, ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɥɟɧ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ. ȼ ɬɢɩɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɚɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. ɂɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɛɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ – ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ – ɬɟɪɧ, ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ, ɜɢɲɧɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ, ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɡɥɚɤɢ: ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɵɣ (Ɋɨɚ nemoralis), ɥɟɫɧɨɣ (P. silvicola), ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ (P. angustifolia), ɟɠɚ ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ

(Dactylis glomerata). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɩɭɲɤɢ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɧ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɬɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɚ ɜ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ 14 ɥɟɫɨɩɨɤɚɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɨɫɢɧɨɣ, ɹɫɟɧɟɦ, ɥɢɩɨɣ, ɤɥɟɧɨɦ ɨɫɬ-

ɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɦ – ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɞɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɨɳɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ) ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ (Larix) ɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ⱦɟɦɢɞɨɜ Ʌɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ 1905 ɝ. (Ƚɪɢɛɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ). ɉɨɞ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ – ɢɥɶɦ, ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ, ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤ, ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɉɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɞɧɢɳɚɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɥɟɫɧɵɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɹɡɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɜɵɟ, ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ: ɬɚɜɨɥɝɚ ɜɹɡɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ

(Filipendula ulmaria), ɤɪɚɩɢɜɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ (Urtica dioica), ɫɧɵɬɶ (Aegopodium podagraria), ɤɭɩɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɹ (Polygonatum multiflorum).

53

ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɏɨɩɪɚɄɚɪɚɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɋɚɜɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ Ȼɢɬɸɝɨ-ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 78 %. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɦ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ 1886 ɝ. ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɫ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɵɞɭɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɧɚ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɫɭɞɭɛɪɚɜɨɣ. ɇɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɨɣ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ-ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɢɧɨɜɨ-ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɟɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɣ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɛɥɢɤ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɨɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɦɟɥ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ Ɏ.ɇ. Ɇɢɥɶɤɨɜɵɦ ɜ 1976 ɝ., ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ, ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ, ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ.

Ɉɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨ- ɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɥɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ. ɂɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ 1,5–2,0 ɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 150–160 ɦ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɨɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ (Phragmites), ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɧɢɤ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ (Iuncus atratus), ɤɚɦɵɲ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɣ (Scirpus lacustris), ɪɨɝɨɡ ɲɢ-

ɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ (Typha latifolia). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɫɬɨ-ɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ. ɂɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɝɟɥɟɣ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɨɱɟɤ 0,5 ɦ. ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɢ: ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ (Carex acutiformis), ɨɦɫɤɚɹ (ɋ. omsciana), ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɹ (ɋ. riparia), ɨɫɬɪɚɹ (ɋ. acuta) ɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɫɵɬɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ (ɋ. pseudocyperus). Ȼɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ, ɨɫɨɤɢ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɪɚɡ- ɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɥ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ

54

ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɦɢ, ɟɠɟɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɢɥɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹɤɚɦɢ.

Ȼɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɢɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨ-ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɨɜɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ ɞɧɢɳɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɫ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɫɬɨ-ɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 85–90 % ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ: ɞɜɭɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ (Typhoides arimdinacea), ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ (Calamagrostis canescens), ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ

(Ɋɨɚ palustris) ɢ ɞɪ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 5–6 ɦ, ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ (Plantago media), ɥɢɩɱɚɬɤɚ ɝɭɫɢɧɚɹ (Potentilla argentea) ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɞɧɢɳɭ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɫɥɟɩɵɲɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. ɉɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬ ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɢɩɵ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ – ɤɪɭɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɧɚ.

Ɉɫɨɤɨɜɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɤɢ, ɫɢɬɧɢɤɢ, ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ (ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɢɫɬɧɢɤ ɩɬɚɪɦɢɤɚ – Achillea ptarmica; ɞɟɪɛɟɧɧɢɤ ɢɜɨɥɢɫɬ-

ɧɢɤ – Lythrum salicaria; ɥɸɬɢɤ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ – Ranunculus repens; ɨɤɨɩɧɢɤ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ – Symphytum officinale).

Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ – ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɝɥɟɟɜɨ- ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɢɢ – ɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɢɧɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɢɩɵ, ɤɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɹɡɚ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɚɩɨɦɟɪɟɨɛɫɵɯɚɧɢɹɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɜɧɢɯɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

ɉɟɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɥɟɫɚ, ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ, ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɯ, ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɯ, ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɤ ɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ.

ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ- ɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ.

ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Ⱥ1 + Ⱥ1ȿ 40 ɫɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 6,7 ɜ ɫɥɨɟ 0–10 ɫɦ ɞɨ 1,9 % ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 30–40 ɫɦ. Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 233 ɬ/ɝɚ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɮɭɥɶɮɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ

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ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ.

ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (31 ɦɝ-ɷɤɜ/100 ɝ ɜ ɝɨɪ. Ⱥ1 ɢ 26 – ɜ ɝɨɪ. Ⱥ1ȿ) ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 70 % ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɞɨ 90 % ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦ. ȼɵɧɨɫ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ R2O3 ɜ ɝɨɪ. ȼ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ Ⱥ1 ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 1,3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɢɥɚ – ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ.

Ɍɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ 59 ɫɦ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 9,4 ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨ 1,7 % ɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ 327 ɬ/ɝɚ. Ƚɭɦɭɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɝɭɦɭɫɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɹ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɨɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ (84–92 %). ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɥɭ ɢ R2O3 ɫɥɚɛɚɹ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɝɨɪ. ȼ ɜ 1,3, ɚ R2O3 ɜ 1,1–1,2 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪ. Ⱥ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ 100–125 ɫɦ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ – ɧɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.

Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ. ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɬɟɦɧɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɟɜ Ⱦɭɧɚɹ ɞɨ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɦɟɠɝɨɪɧɵɦɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚɦɞɨ ɝɨɪ Ȼ. ɏɢɧɝɚɧɚ.

ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɭ, ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɡɢɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ. Ʉ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɢɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦɢ. ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ – ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ȼɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,

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ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ (ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ) ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ, ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɮɭɥɶɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸɮɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ) ɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɜɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵ.

Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ (ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ «ɬɢɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ» ɜɢɞɟ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ (ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ) ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨ-ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɨ- ɧɚɬɧɨ-ɝɢɩɫɨɜɨ-ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɬɨɥɳɚ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɭɸɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɭɸɩɨɪɨɞɭ.

ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ: A-AB-B(Bt, ȼɫɚ)- ɋɫɚ-(ɋɫ).

Ⱥ – ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.

Ⱥȼ – ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ, ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɨɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. ɂɦɟɟɬɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɭɸɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.

ȼ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɭɪɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɱɧɨɣ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ȼ1 – ȼ2, ɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɝɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ (Bt) ɢɥɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ (ȼɫɚ) ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ, ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼɋɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ (ɋɫɚ); ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɢɩɫɚ (ɋɫ). Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɜɬɚɛɥ. 1.

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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 1

Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ

ɉɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɞɵ: ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ – ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ; ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ – ɥɟɝɤɨɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ, ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ; ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ:

ɫɥɚɛɨɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ (ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.);

ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɫɤɢɩɚɸɳɢɟ – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɚɯ, ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ;

ɛɟɫɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 %). ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ,

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ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ (ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ) ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ;

ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɹɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ (ɠɢɥɤɢ, ɦɢɰɟɥɢɣ) ɥɢɛɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦ;

ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ (ɦɟɥ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ, ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ ɳɟɛɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɷɥɸɜɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɸɜɨ-ɞɟɥɸɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɱɜɵɢɥɢɫɩɨɞɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚȺ);

ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɬɵɟ – ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ;

ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ – ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ Na ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 % ɨɬ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ;

ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ;

ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ – ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 3 % ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ) ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ;

ɨɫɨɥɨɞɟɥɵɟ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ: ɛɟɥɟɫɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɚ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ), ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ Na;

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ-ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ) – ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɧɨɫɨɦ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ;

ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɚɬɵɟ – ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ);

ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨ-ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɵɟ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɧɡɨɜɢɞɧɨ – ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ (ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ). ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɝɥɟɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ;

59

ɳɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ (ɡɚɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɪɛɨɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ) ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1–1,5 ɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ;

ɫɥɢɬɵɟ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɥɨɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɧɟɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɟ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɜɬɟɩɥɵɯɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɯ.

Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ-

ɤɚɦ:

–ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ: ɫɜɟɪɯɦɨɳɧɵɟ (ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 120 ɫɦ), ɦɨɳɧɵɟ (120–80 ɫɦ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɨɳɧɵɟ (80–40 ɫɦ), ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ (40–25 ɫɦ), ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 25 ɫɦ);

–ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ: ɬɭɱɧɵɟ (ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 9 %), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɭɦɭɫɧɵɟ (9–6 %), ɦɚɥɨɝɭɦɭɫɧɵɟ (6–4 %), ɫɥɚɛɨɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 4 %).

ȼ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ: ɨɩɨɞɡɨ-

ɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ.

ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɤ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɢɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ — ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɨ-ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚȺȼ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ: Ⱥ(Ⱥɩɚɯ + Ⱥ)-Ⱥ-Ⱥȼ-B(Bt)-(ȼɫɚ)-ɋɫɚ.

Ɏɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ: ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵ-

ɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɲɧɸ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ, ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ.

Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɨɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɚ (ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɟɧɚ), ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɛɟɥɟɫɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɹɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥȼ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ ɢ Ⱥȼ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30–70 ɫɦ. ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɋɫɚ) ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɬɪɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

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