XX. Complete the process of wind turbine operation using logical connections given in the table above.

___1___ the wind passes through the blades of the turbine. ___2 ___ the energy in the wind is converted to rotational motion by the blades. The rotor blades ___3___ turn the shaft, which transfers the motion through the components of the nacelle. Through the connection ___4___ the shaft and the generator, the rotation in the shaft is converted into electricity by the generator. ___5___ the electricity is sent through cables down the shaft, and then through underground wires to a second utility meter on the outside of the home. ___6___ there is no need to change the wiring of a residence, as the residential turbines are easily adapted to work with any home electrical system. In most applications, the home is connected both to its wind turbine and to a local utility.

XXI. Choose a process that is specific to your field or one that people may be curious about and write a description of it. Use the questions given below for your description.

• What is the process?

• What is its function?

• Where and when does the process take place?

• Who or what performs it?

• How does the process work?

• What are its principal steps? 

• Did you include a graphic identifying all the principal steps?

UNIT 6

THE INTERNET

I. More and more people in modern world cannot imagine their lives without the Internet. Speak about the role of the Internet in your life. How often do you use it? Will the Internet ever replace the book or the written word as the main source of information? In pairs/groups of 4 make a list how you can use the Internet. Share your ideas with the class.

II. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech. However they are not the same. In small groups discuss the difference between the notions.

III. Match the words with their definitions. Translate them into Ukrainian

1. TCP/IP	a. the connection of a webpage to another webpage or file
2. network	b. a popular technology that allows connection to the Internet wirelessly using radio waves
3. hyperlink	c. a set of agreed standards
4. URL	d. communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet
5. protocol	e. an electronic device that links different networks
6. host	f. a program used for displaying a webpage
7. router	g. a specific string that constitutes a reference to a resource
8. encapsulation	h. a key feature of object-oriented programming that bundles data and program instructions into modules called objects
9. Wi-Fi	i. a computer that provides a service on a network
10. browser	j. a combination of number of computers and peripheral devices connected together

IV. Read and translate the text. Make a list of all benefits of using the Internet. Can you imagine your life without the Web? Discuss with the class.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication via electronic mail (e-mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web. The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of “e-businesses” that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. Many experts believe that the Internet will dramatically transform business as well as society.

The Internet originated in the late 1960s when the United States Defense Department developed ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), an experimental network of computers designed to withstand partial outages such as a bomb attack. The agency sought to create a web of computers that could continue to communicate with each other, even if some of the computers were disabled.

To help speed the connections, the National Science Foundation (NSF) established five supercomputing centers in 1986, creating the NSFnet backbone.

1991 was a big year for the Internet: The National Research and Education Network (NREN) was founded and the World Wide Web was released. The Internet was still dominated by scientists and other academics, but began to attract public interest. With the release of the Mosaic Web browser in 1993 and Netscape in 1994, interest in and use of the World Wide Web exploded. More and more communities became wired, enabling direct connections to the Internet.

Though the Internet has been widely used since the 1980s, its commercialization by the 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into every aspect of modern human life. Billions of people already use the Internet worldwide, and the number of Internet users continues to grow. According to Euromonitor, by 2020 43.7% of the world's population will be users of the Internet.

The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. The first decade of the 21st century is characterized with widespread availability of Internet connectivity bringing consequences and concerns in areas such as personal privacy and identity, and distribution of copyrighted materials. These "digital natives" face a variety of challenges that were not present for prior generations.