Arbitration
Arbitration is reference of a dispute to an impartial person or persons, called arbitrators for a decision or award based on evidence and arguments presented by the disputants. The parties involved usually agree to resort to arbitration in lieu of court proceedings to resolve an existing dispute or any grievance that may arise between them. Arbitration may sometimes be compelled by law, particularly in connection with labour disputes involving public employees or employees of private companies invested with a public interest, such as utilities or railroads.
Most arbitration in the United States has involved labour or commercial disputes. As worldwide trade and investment have increased, international commercial arbitration has become important both in planning international transactions and in resolving disputes when they arise.
Labour arbitration is concerned largely with disputes between employers and employees over interpretation or application of the terms of collective bargaining agreements, and occasionally with new contract terms. Commercial arbitration deals with disputes among private parties regarding contracts to produce, buy, sell, lease, or distribute goods, or to perform a business service.
Exercise 2.20. Commentary and Notes to text 2.19.
1. in lieu – вместо
2. to be compelled by law – (зд.) назначаться по закону
3. collective bargaining agreement – коллективный договор
Exercise 2.21. Read the text “What Are Civil Proceedings Concerned with?” and complete the following tasks.
Say what the main idea of each paragraph is.
Translate the Russian words in the text from Russian into English.
Choose from: resolved; injunction; controversies; negligence; to assert; responsibility; objective; claims; to abide; defective; to restore; adhesion; sue; forum.
What Are Civil Proceedings Concerned with?
1 Civil courts deal with “private” споры, as where two individuals (or corporations) are in dispute over the terms of a contract or over who shall bear ответственностьfor an auto accident. Ordinarily the public is not a party as in criminal proceedings, for it has no interest beyond providing just rules for decision and a суд where the dispute can be impartially and peacefully разрешен.
2 It is possible, however, for the government to be involved in civil litigation if it stands in the same relation to a private party as another individual might stand. Thus, if a postal truck should run down a pedestrian, the government might be sued civilly by the injured person; or if the government contracted to purchase supplies that turned out to be поврежденные/испорченные, it might подать иск на the dealer for damages in a civil court.
3 The целью of a civil action is not punishment or correction of the defendant or the setting of an example to others but rather восстановить the parties so far as possible to the positions they would have occupied had no legal wrong been committed. The most common civil remedy is a judgement for money damages, but there are others, such as an судебный запрет ordering the defendant to do, or refrain from doing, a certain act or a judgement restoring property to its rightful owner.
4 Civil иски do not ordinarily arise out of criminal acts. A person who breaks his contract with another or who causes him a physical injury through небрежности/халатности may have committed no crime but only a civil wrong for which he may not be prosecuted criminally by the public.
5 There are, however, areas of overlap, for a single incident may give rise to both civil liability and criminal prosecution. In some nations, such as France, both types of responsibility can be determined in a single proceeding under a concept known as согласие by which the injured party is allowed доказывать/защищать his civil claim in the criminal prosecution, agreeing быть удовлетворенным by its outcome. This removes the necessity of two separate trials. In common-law countries there is no such procedure, even though civil and criminal jurisdiction may be merged in a single court. Two separate actions must be brought, independent of each other.
Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each paragraph (1-5) of the text. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.
Some areas of contact regarding to civil and criminal proceedings.
Remedy used under the Civil law.
The main features of civil proceedings.
Initiating the civil action.
The position of government in civil proceedings.
The difference between a crime and a civil wrong.
Exercise 2.22. Translate into English using your active vocabulary.
В области, называемой сферой гражданского и торгового права, многие институты в настоящее время регулируются в законодательном порядке отдельными актами, принятыми в конце XIX или XX в. Гражданское право связано с делами в отношении собственности, семьи, договоров и гражданских правонарушений.
Гражданское судопроизводство обычно возбуждается пострадавшим лицом, а не государством, которое является стороной обвинения в уголовном праве. Каждая сторона готовит пакет документов известных как «состязательные документы». Однако, огромное большинство дел разрешаются мирно, без появления сторон в суде. Только бракоразводные процессы обязательно проводятся в суде, так как основания для развода устанавливаются во время слушания и документ о разводе предоставляется только после того, как вопрос об опеке детей решен.
Обязательства в английском праве принято разделять на возникающие из договоров и из правонарушений. Договора регулируются преимущественно нормами прецедентного права. Среди оснований возникновения обязательств из правонарушений в Англии принято выделять традиционный институт нарушения права владения, различные посягательства на права личности, в том числе путем устных или письменных клеветнических заявлений, обмана, причинения личного или имущественного вреда умышленно либо по неосторожности и др.