Unit 4 the concept of crime

Vocabulary and Word Study

Exercise 4.1. Study and memorize the vocabulary to know how to use the words and word combinations, translate the given sentences.

1. accompany (v) - сопровождать, сопутствовать: Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult.

2. actus reus - лат. виновное деяние (объективная сторона противоправного деяния)

3. battery (n) – побои; оскорбление действием

4. breach (n) – нарушение (закона, обязательства): Reproduction of the CD constitutes a breach of copyright. ♦ be in breach of smth. The company was found to be in breach of environmental regulations.

5. case (n) – судебное дело; судебный прецедент ♦ case law – прецедентное право

6. deliberate (adj) – 1. преднамеренный, умышленный: I’m sure the omission of my name was deliberate. ♦ deliberate police/choice They are giving preference to women as a matter of deliberate police. 2. осторожный, осмотрительный

deliberately (adv) – умышленно; обдуманно: You did that deliberately, just to annoy me. Police believe the fire was started deliberately.

7. duty (n) – долг; обязанность: He has a duty under the terms of his contract to pay rent. It is your duty as a parent to protect your children.

8. employ (v) – держать на службу; предоставлять работу; нанимать: Jean was employed by the company as a computer programmer.

employee (n) – служащий; работающий по найму: Their employees worked a ten-hour day.

9. evil (n) – зло: the view of crime as a social evil ♦ public evil

10. excuse (n) – оправдание; прощение ♦ lawful excuse – законное оправдание ♦ + for What excuse did they give for the delay?

11. harm (n) – вред; ущерб ♦ bodily/corporal harm - телесное повреждение: The new law is likely to do irreparable harm in urban areas.

12. insane (adj) – душевнобольной; невменяемый; не находящийся в здравом уме: He was certified insane in 2010.

13. intent (n) – намерение; цель: The government has declared its intent to put the railways into private ownership. ♦ with intent (to do smth.) He’s been charged with possessing a firearm with intent to endanger life.

14. liability (n) – ответственность; обязанность; долг ♦ criminal/civil/limited liability ♦ liability imposed by law ♦ + for The company accepts no liability for delays caused by bad weather.

liable (adj) – ответственный; обязанный: ♦ + for The hospital was held liable for negligence. ♦ + to People found guilty of reckless driving may be liable to imprisonment or a fine. ♦ liable to criminal/civil proceedings

15. mens rea - лат. 1. виновная воля; 2. вина

16. measure (n) – мера; мероприятие: Stronger measures will have to be taken to bring down unemployment. ♦ take measures against smb./smth. When you are attacked, you take defensive measures against the attacker.

17. minor (n) – несовершеннолетний: It is illegal to sell cigarettes to minors.

18. prohibit (v) – запрещать: Smoking is prohibited in all areas of the building. ♦ prohibited drugs/weapons The sale of alcohol to young people is prohibited by law.

19. protect (v) – защищать; предохранять: Databases are generally protected by copyright. Are you prepared yourself in case of attack?

20. prove (v) – доказывать; удостоверять; подтверждать: You have to prove you are looking for work. ♦ prove smb.’s innocence/guilt For ten years he has been fighting to prove his innocence.

21. steal (stole; stolen) (v) – воровать, красть: He was jailed for three years for stealing cars. ♦ steal smth. from smth./smb. She was caught stealing food from the supermarket. Johnny was accused of stealing from the shop.

22. testimony (n) – показания свидетеля: I was asked to give testimony. ♦ to give/to bear testimony

23. traffic (n) – движение (уличное, железнодорожное и т.п.): At that time of night, there was no traffic on the roads. ♦ traffic accident/signs/regulations/offences The number of traffic offences has increased.

24. victim (v) – жертва; пострадавший: The reporters felt they were innocent victims of a political decision.

25. voluntary (adj) – 1. добровольный; 2. намеренный, сознательный, умышленный ♦ voluntary confession/contributions My job at the hospital is purely voluntary. The advertising of alcoholic drinks is regulated by a voluntary code.

Exercise 4.2. (1) Read the following verbs and translate them into Russian. Pay attention to the suffixes:

-fy; -ify -ize; -ise

to intensify to characterize

to falsify to emphasize

to classify to exercise

to identify to organize

to qualify to monopolize

-ate;-ute -en

to communicate to strengthen

to illustrate to shorten

to demonstrate to widen

to indicate

to populate

to constitute

to contribute

to enumerate

(2) Read the following nouns and translate them into Russian. Pay attention to the suffixes.

-sure -ture

pleasure culture

leisure picture

treasure literature

measure departure

seizure furniture

structure

nature

-ness -ty (-ity)

weakness quantity

sickness quality

seriousness activity

happiness disability

openness productivity

readiness safety

fearlessness responsibility

helplessness possibility

suddenness

(3) Read the following adjectives and translate them into Russian. Pay attention to the suffixes.

-able (-ible) -less

honourable homeless

valuable aimless

reasonable hopeless

possible useless

changeable fruitless

acceptable helpless

-ous -ic

dangerous basic

famous democratic

glorious economic

courageous historic

heroic

patriotic

(4) Read the verbs and the corresponding nouns. Pay attention to the mode of word formation, translate:

a) to in´crease - ´increase

to ex´port - ´export

to in´sult - ´insult

to con´duct - ´conduct

to con´vict - ´convict

to guaran´tee - ´guarantee

b) to excuse - excuse

to use - use

to advise - advice

to live - life

to prove - proof

to lose - loss

to choose - choice

to believe - belief

to shoot - shot

to sing - song

Exercise 4.3. Read the following words and try to guess the meaning of their derivatives. Distribute them into three columns:

nouns

verbs

adjectives

adverbs

to steal – a stealing – stealings

a characteristic – characteristic – to characterize – characterization

society – social – socialize – socially

to prohibit – prohibition – prohibitionist – prohibitive – prohibitory

classification – to classify

to employ – unemployment – employer – employee

ignorance – ignorant- to ignore – ignoramus

specific – specification – to specify – specifically

intent – intention – intentional

to provide – provision – provider - provisional

Exercise 4.4. Arrange family related words into pairs and translate them into Russian.

relation regulate wrong

agree fundamental designer

differ protective define

design collection relate

victim breach agreement

establish harm break

definition wrongful causation

regulation victimize collect

cause different protect

fundament establishment harmful

Exercise 4.5. Find the related verbs in the texts “What is a Crime?” and “Elements of Proof in the UK”.

regulation punishment designation

consideration visitor action

occurrence identification prosecution

prevention violation intent

commission proof aider

classification meaning trial

Language and Law Study

Exercise 4.6. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a crime in your opinion?

2. What elements are closely connected with a crime?

3. Who may not be held criminally liable if a crime has been committed?

Exercise 4.7. Read the definitions given in the dictionaries and compare them with your variant.

• An act or the commission of an act that is forbidden by law.

Webster’s Dictionary

• Offence for which there is severe punishment by law.

Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English

• An illegal activity or action.

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners

• An offence which is punishable by law.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

Exercise 4.8. Read the text for obtaining information. Pick out the law terms from the text, which you think you do not know. Refer to a dictionary if necessary.