Unit 2 civil law and justice

Vocabulary and Word Study

Exercise 2.1. Study and memorize the vocabulary to know how to use the words and word combinations, translate the given sentences.

1. action (n) – судебный процесс: ♦ bring an action (against smb.) – начинать (возбуждать) судебный процесс против кого-либо: The magazine will fight the libel action brought by the Prime Minister.

2. abandon (v) – прекращать; закрывать: After 20 lessons I finally abandoned my attempt to learn to drive. The game had to be abandoned because of rain. George almost persuaded me to abandon my studies and join him.

3. adjudication (n) – 1. вынесение судебного решения / решение арбитража; 2. разрешение дела; рассмотрение спора.

4. aggrieve (v) – наносить ущерб

aggrieved (adj.) – потерпевший ущерб, пострадавший ♦ aggrieved party – пострадавшая сторона

5. binding (adj.) – обязывающий, обязательный, связующий ♦ binding agreement/contact: Remember that this is a legally binding document. These are guidelines only, and are not binding on any party.

6. debt (n) – долг, задолженность: By this time we had debts of over £15,000. Many people experience difficulty in paying off their debts. The bank finally agreed to cancel the debt.

7. decree (n) – судебное решение; постановление ♦ divorce decree – судебный приказ о разводе

8. defamation (n) – клевета

9. fraud (n) – обман, мошенничество: Police are investigating a complex fraud involving several bogus contractors.

10. initiate (v) – вводить; положить начало ♦ initiate proceeding – возбуждать дело: The Act allows children, for the first time, to initiate proceedings.

11. inquiry (n) – 1. расследование; 2. допрос, рассмотрение: Police are making inquiries in the neighbourhood. A 27 year-old man is helping the police with their inquiries. ♦ hold/conduct an inquiry; ♦ + into The public is demanding an inquiry into the incident.

12. institute (v) – 1. учреждать, устанавливать; 2. основывать, вводить; 3. начинать (следствие, расследование и т.п.): The party said it had instituted new security measures for its staff. ♦ institute legal proceedings

13. insurance (n) – страхование ♦ insurance company – страховая компания: Have you paid your car insurance? After the fire, they were able to rebuilt their house with the insurance. ♦ insurance adjuster – оценщик размера страхового убытка.

14. lay (adj.) – не профессиональный; не являющийся юристом ♦ lay judge – судья – непрофессиональный юрист

15. litigate (v) – 1. судиться (с кем-л.); быть тяжущейся стороной (в судебном процессе); 2. оспаривать (на суде)

litigation (n) – тяжба, гражданский судебный спор, процесс: The claim is currently in litigation.

16. malicious (adj.) – умышленный; злонамеренный ♦ malicious injury – злоумышленное причинение вреда человеку; ♦ malicious motive – злой умысел

17. outcome (n) – результата, последствие, исход: He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.

18. pleadings (n) – состязательные бумаги ♦ default pleading – неподача состязательной бумаги

19. property (n) – собственность; право собственности: He was charged with receiving stolen property. The sign said ‘Private Property, Keep Out’. Property prices are falling. ♦ the law of property – право собственности

20. registrar (n) – судебный распорядитель (по делам о завещаниях, разводам и морским делам Высокого суда правосудия в Великобритании)

21. relief (n) – средство судебной защиты

22. seizure (n) – наложение ареста; конфискация: The government has made a record number of drug seizure this year.

23. summons (n) – приказ о вызове в суд: He got the summons yesterday.

24. supervision (n) – наблюдение; надзор ♦ place under supervision – помещать под надзор: Dangerous prisoners need constant supervision. Here children can play safely under supervision.

25. tort (n) – деликт; гражданское правонарушение: The field of torts distinguished from criminal law and contract law.

26. writ (n) – судебный приказ, постановление суда ♦ issue/serve a writ – вручать приказ: She issued a writ against the newspaper. He was served with a writ for the return of the letter. ♦ a writ of summons – приказ (повестка) о вызове в суд

27. wrong (n) – правонарушение; деликт; вред: Anyone who does wrong will be punished.

wrongful (adj.) – противоправный, противозаконный; неправомерный; незаконный ♦ wrongful dismissal – незаконное увольнение: He’s suing his former employer for wrongful dismissal

Exercise 2.2. (a) Form adjectives of the following nouns.

N + al → Adj ; N + ial → Adj

center – nation -

province - condition –

industry - situation –

finance - continent -

(b) Form adjectives of the following verbs.

V + able → Adj

obtain - charge –

avail - reason –

arrest - question –

justify - test –

(c) Form nouns of the following verbs.

V + ing → N

train - proceed –

render - hear –

build - sit –

rate - prove –

(d) Form adjectives of the following nouns.

N + ful → Adj

help - use –

truth - peace –

faith - hope –

grace - shame –

(e) Form adverbs of the following adjectives.

Adj + ly → Adv

immediate - initial –

normal - special –

serious - joint –

original - legal –

Exercise 2.3. Arrange family related words into pairs and translate them into Russian.

supervise place independent

represent form uniformed

wrong supervision present

depend replace wrongful

Exercise 2.4. Group the words into (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) adverbs and translate them into Russian:

Housing, wrongfully, industrial, livable, movement, training, outstanding, freely, educational, interesting, legitimation, officially, revengeful, returnable, virtual, novation, studying, continually, educational, muniment, occasionally, building, powerful, vocational.

Language and Law Study

Exercise 2.5. Answer the following questions.

1. Is there any difference between criminal and civil proceedings?

2. Can civil disputes be solved without the trial stage?

3. How do you think prosecutors and defence counsels must always present during the trial?

Exercise 2.6. Read the text for obtaining information. Pick out the law terms from the text, which you think you do not know. Refer to a dictionary if necessary.