Unit 3 criminal law and justice

Vocabulary and Word Study

Exercise 3.1. Study and memorize the vocabulary to know how to use the words and word combinations, translate the given sentences.

1. accuse (v) – обвинять ♦ accuse smb. of smth. She claims that her employers accused her of theft.

accuser or the accused (n) – обвиняемый

2. apply (v) – применять(ся): The trial judge had applied an incorrect principle of law.

3. arraignment (n) – 1. предъявление обвинения; 2. разрешение (спорного) вопроса

4. bail (n) - ♦ on bail – на поруки ♦ place on bail – передавать на поруки: She was freed on bail pending an appeal.

5. book (v) – регистрировать (арестованного в полицейском участке) ♦ book smb. for smth. They booked him for assault.

6. bring in (a verdict) (v) – выносить (приговор, решение): There were gasps when the jury brought in a verdict of not guilty.

7. charge (v) – обвинять: Two men have been charged in connection with the fire. ♦charge smb. with smth. The police have charged him with murder.

charge (n) – обвинение: They faced charges of conspiracy and murder. ♦ + against The investigation resulted in criminal charges against three police officers.♦ drop the charges – снять обвинения: She was accused of shoplifting but the police later dropped the charges.

8. convict (v) – признать виновным; выносить приговор: Anderson faces up to 24 years in prison if convicted. ♦ convict smb. of smth. Robinson was convicted of the murder of his mother and brother.

9. contest (n) – спор

10. cross-examine (v) – подвергать перекрестному допросу

11. dissentient (n) –голос против

12. ensure (v) – обеспечивать, гарантировать: Our new research strategy ensures that we get the best possible results.

13. enter (v) – вступать (в процесс); заниматься (делом), приобщаться (к делу)

14. evidence (n) – улики, доказательства: The police didn’t have enough evidence to convict him. They destroyed the evidence by flushing it down the toilet.

15. execution (n) – исполнение: He has failed in the execution of his duties.

16. felony (n) – фелония, тяжкое преступление

17. fine (n) – штраф: He had to pay a hefty fine. I got a £100 fine for speeding. The court has the right to impose heavy fines.

18. identity (n) – установление подлинности, опознание личности: Do you have any proof of identity? ♦ mistaken identity – ошибочное опознание: It was just a case of mistaken identity.

19. innocence (n) – невиновность: The jury’s role is to decide the guilt or innocence of the defendant. ♦ prove smb.’s innocence This new evidence would hopefully prove his innocence.

innocent (adj) – невиновный: Under the law, everyone is considered innocent until proved guilty. ♦ innocent of a crime/charge She was completely innocent of any crime.

20. jail (n) – тюрьма ♦ in jail Adam spent 3 years in jail for drug possession. ♦ get out of jail He was stealing again, two months after getting out of jail.

21. misdemeanor (the Am E spelling) or misdemeanour (the Br E spelling) – правонарушение, наименее опасное преступление: Try to look on whatever happened as a little misdemeanour.

22. parole (n) – освобождение под честное слово, освобождение на поруки ♦ on parole He could be out on parole in two years.

23. pass (v) – выносить (решение, приговор): Passing sentence, the judge told Kelly that the public needed protection from him.

24. plead (guilty) (v) – признать себя виновным в предъявленном обвинении: Both defendants pleaded not guilty on all counts.

25. preliminary (adj) – предварительный ♦ a preliminary hearing / discussion / proposal / agreement

26. probation (n) – испытание; условное освобождение ♦ put /place on probation – направлять на испытание; назначать условное освобождение: She received a fine and was placed on probation for four years.

27. quash (v) – аннулировать; отменять; делать, признавать недействительным: His conviction for murder was quashed in the Court of Appeal.

28. record (n) – протокол, запись

29. rehabilitation (n) – 1. восстановление в правах; 2. исправление / перевоспитание (преступника) ♦ rehabilitation programme/center

30. release (v) – освобождать: The authorities had recently released two political prisoners. ♦ release smb. from smth. He was released from prison in July. ♦ release smb. on bail – освобождать на поруки: Two men were arrested and then released on bail.

31. set (v) – 1. устанавливать: Bail was set at £50,000. 2. назначать (время, цену и т.д.): Have they set a date for the wedding?

32. state (n) – положение, состояние: Clearly he was not in a fit state to drive home. ♦ mental state = state of mind

33. sum up (v) – суммировать, подводить итог, обобщать: The judge will sum up the evidence tomorrow.

summary (adj) – 1. краткий, скорый: Soldiers were accused of summary execution of civilians. 2. осуществляемый в упрощенном порядке; осуществляемый без участия присяжных

34. suspect (v) – подозревать: Police suspected that she had some connection with the robbery. ♦ suspect smb. of smth. men suspected of involvement in the bombing

the suspect (n) – подозреваемый: Jess had been killed, and her husband was the obvious suspect.

Exercise 3.2. (a) Form adjectives of the following verbs.

V + ed → Adj Remember: y→ ie

to qualify – to discharge –

to allege – to specify –

to oblige – to satisfy –

to accuse – to convict –

to prepare – to propose –

to divorce – to marry –

to injure – to interest –

(b) Form nouns of the following adjectives.

Adj + ness → N Remember: y → i

weak – ready –

sick – open –

serious – helpless –

happy – sudden –

(c) Form nouns of the following verbs.

V + er → N

to work – to design –

to build – to pay –

to report – to receive –

to use – to try –

to offend – to support –

V (-t/-te) + or → N

to demonstrate – to moderate –

to prosecute – to inspect –

to distribute – to invest –

to direct – to investigate –

to administrate – to instruct –

(d) Form nouns of the following verbs.

Refer to a dictionary to see the change of consonants for “V + sion”

V + sion → N

V + ion → N

V + ment → N

to decide – to suggest – to require –

to divide – to except – to indict –

to provide – to enforce –

to include – to treat –

Exercise 3.3. Read the following words and try to guess the meaning of their derivatives. Distribute them into three columns:

nouns

verbs

adjectives

adverbs

crime – criminal – to criminalize

initial – initially – to initialize

to enforce – enforcement – enforced

reasonably - reason – to reason – reasonable

probationer – probationary – probation – to probate

the accused – accusation – to accuse – accusative

defence – defensive – defendant – to defend

to identify – identity – identification – identifiable

chargeable – charge – to charge

execution – executor – executive – to execute

Exercise 3.4. Arrange family related words into pairs and translate them into Russian.

arraign

crime

punish

serve

print

judge

reason

fingerprinted

commit

criminal

reasonable

offend

just

punishment

judicial

justice

offense

service

punishable

commission

arraignment

Exercise 3.5. Find the related nouns in the texts “Criminal Justice Process in the USA” and “Trial in the United Kingdom”.

to arraign –

to pay –

to enforce –

to investigate –

to rehabilitate –

to try –

to inform –

to appear –

to punish –

to execute –

to offend –

to prosecute –

to probate –

to correct –

to establish –

to cross-examine –

to convict –

Language and Law Study

Exercise 3.6. Answer the following questions.

1. When may people be involved in criminal justice process?

2. Is there any difference concerning crimes?

3. Can you name persons dealing with criminal justice process?

4. Do you know the main stages of criminal justice process? What are they?

Exercise 3.7. Read the text for obtaining information. Pick out the law terms from the text, which you think you do not know. Refer to a dictionary if necessary.