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INDEX

Aaland islands,		246
Abandonment, loss of
territory and,		247–48
Absolute immunity,		289
Abu Dhabi,		221
Academic writers, as source
of international law,		94
Accession to treaties,		133
Accountability,		8
Accrediting of negotiators
in treaties,		131
Accretion of territory,		243
Achille Lauro,		279–80
Acid rain,		811
Acquiescence, title to
territory and,		238–41
Actio popularis,		6, 92
Adherence to treaties,		133
Adjudication of title to territory,		243
Advisory opinions of the
International Court
of Justice,	554–55, 562–67
Afghanistan,		72, 607
Aggression, crime of,		352
Ago, Roberto,		321, 322
Aid,		781
AIDS/HIV, human rights and,		716
Air pollution,		811–19
Air space,	483–86, 811–12
Aircraft
jurisdiction on,		486–98
security of,	486, 489, 491–98
Airline companies,
liability of,		499
Airports, security of,		494, 498–99
Akehurst, M,		81
Alaska,		243
Albania,	184, 339, 601, 602
Aliens, treatment of,		355–56
Allen, Carleton,		59

Allott, Philip,	19, 34, 223, 340
Alverstone, Lord,	41
Amendment of treaties,	113–14, 141–42
American Realists,	12
Amnesty International,	31
Ancient world, international
law in,	2, 3, 4
Annexation of territory,	241–43
Antarctica,	244, 851–52
jurisdiction in,	264, 265,
	267, 268–70
Anti-dumping measures,	758–59
Anti-trust law,	276–77
Anzilotti, Dionisio,	35–36, 143, 187
Application of treaties,	111, 137–41
non-retroactivity,	138
observance,	110, 137–38
successive treaties,	138
territorial application,	138
third parties and,	112–13, 139–41
Arab Monetary Fund,	220
Arangio-Ruiz, Gaetano,	322, 323
Arbitration
dispute settlement and,	541–43
exceptions to state
immunity and,	301
Archipelagos
archipelagic waters,	379, 427–29
baseline for measurements, 376, 426–27
Arctic region,	244
Arend, Anthony Clark,	607
Argentina,	239–41, 244
Armed force
See Use of force; war
Armed forces
See Military personnel
Armenia,	607
Arnaldez, Jean-Jacques,	556
Assembly and association,
right to,	686, 689, 702
Asylum,	283–84
Atkin, Lord,	41–42

861

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Atolls,		376
Atomic energy,		833
Atomic weapons
See Nuclear weapons
Austin, John,		19, 21, 22
Australia,		126–27, 166, 387
Austria,		45, 186–87
Authentication of treaties,		132
Aviation,		483–89
security of,		486, 489, 491–98
Avulsion of territory,		243
Azores,		377
Badjaoui, Mohammed,		555
Balcombe, Lord,		45
Bangladesh,		607, 611–12
Barberis,		149
Barbie, Klaus,		282
Baseline for measurements,		371–77,
		392–94, 416–18
archipelagos,		376, 426–27
harbour works,		375, 393, 417
islands,		375–76, 394
low-tide elevations,		375, 394, 418
reefs,		376, 416
river mouths,		375, 417
straight baselines,	371–75, 392, 416–17
Basis
of diplomatic immunity,		315–16
of international law,		59, 62
of sovereign immunity,		287–89
Bays, baselines measurement
and,		374, 393, 417
Beck, Robert J,		607
Belgian Congo,		185, 609–10
Bernadotte, Count,		175–76
Bernhardt, R,		129
Biafran war,		607, 612
Biological diversity,
conservation of,		849–51
Biological weapons, restrictions
on use of,		667–68

Birnie, Patricia,			791, 800
Blackstone, William,			40
Blum, Yehuda,			129
Bodin, J,			3
Bombing,			669–70
Booby-traps,			635–39
Bosnia-Herzegovina,			167–69, 202,
	245, 612, 618, 628, 725
Boundaries,		166, 184, 244–45
maritime,			380
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros,			193, 621
Boyle, A,			791
Breach
of international obligations,			326–329
of treaties,			155, 159–60
Bretton Woods Conference,			734, 759, 760
Brierly, JL,			29, 610
British Somaliland,			188
Broadcasting, unauthorised,			389, 445–46
Brown,			183
Brownlie, Ian,	150, 227, 239, 240–41,
	282, 339, 340, 601
Brundtland, Gro-Harlem,			801
Bulletin boards,			272, 274
Burkina Faso,			243
Bush, George,			610
Byassee, William,			263
Cambodia,			92, 368, 612
Cameroon,			198, 560–62
Camp David Agreements,			128
Canada,		244, 603, 791–92
Canon law,			3
Capacity to enter into
international relations,			185–88
Capital punishment,			698, 716–17
Cartels,			276
Carty, Anthony,			19
Cause of international law,			59, 62
Cession of territory,			243

862

Index

Change of circumstances,			Commercial transactions, state
termination of treaties and,		156, 158–59	immunity and,		294–97
Charles VII, King,		3	Committee of Experts for the
Chemical weapons, restrictions			Progressive Codification of
Chemical weapons, restrictions			International Law,		134–35
on use of,		667–68	International Law,		134–35
on use of,		667–68
Cheng, Bin,		98	Communication of treaties,		122–23
Cheng, Bin,		98
Children			Communications, diplomatic
Children			immunity of,		318
rights of,		686, 690,	immunity of,		318
rights of,		686, 690,
		702, 714–15	Competence of the International
treatment in war of,		672	Court of Justice,		549–51
Chile,		244	Competition policy,		756
China,	146, 245, 654, 655		Composition of the International
Cicero,		24	Court of Justice,		544, 555–57
Cicero,		24
Ciskei,		220	Conciliation, dispute
Ciskei,		220	settlement and,		538–540
Civil defence personnel,			settlement and,		538–540
Civil defence personnel,			Conclusion of treaties,	106, 110, 131–33
treatment in war of,		672	Conclusion of treaties,	106, 110, 131–33
treatment in war of,		672	accession,		133
Civil jurisdiction in			accession,		133
Civil jurisdiction in			accrediting of negotiators,		131
international law,		253–54	accrediting of negotiators,		131
international law,		253–54	adherence,		133
Civil rights,		696–710	adherence,		133
Civil rights,		696–710	authentication,		132
Civil war,	606–08, 627–28		entry into force,		133
Civilians, war and,	663, 669–70, 671–72		negotiation,		131–32
Civilians, war and,	663, 669–70, 671–72		ratification,		132–33
Class actions (actio popularis),		6, 92	ratification,		132–33
Class actions (actio popularis),		6, 92	registration and publication,		123, 133
Climate change,		811, 818–19	registration and publication,		123, 133
Climate change,		811, 818–19	signature,		132
Clipperton Island,		233–35	Conference on Security and
Clothing and textiles industry,		754	Co-operation in Europe,	99, 130, 526, 722
Cockburn, Lord,		40–41	Congo,		621
Codification of international			Conquest of territory,		241–43
law,		98–99, 135	Consent, termination of
Coercion in treaties,		145–46	treaty by,		155
Cold War,		12	Consent theory of law,		27
Collard, Dean,		739	Conservation of natural
Collective legitimation of			resources,		803, 833–52
Collective legitimation of			Constitutional law,		21–22
nation states,		205–18	Constitutional law,		21–22
Collective use of force,		613–23	Constitutions,		8, 26
Collisions at sea,	388, 400, 443–44		Constitutive theory of
Colombia,		372	statehood,		201–02
Colombia,		372	Consular immunity,		318–19
Colonies			Consular immunity,		318–19
Colonies			Consultation, dispute
boundaries and,		245	Consultation, dispute
self-determination			settlement and,		536
principle and,	188–95, 224, 612		Context in interpretation
as subjects of international law, 196–97			of treaties,		144

863

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Continental shelf,		383–86,	Customary rules, as sources
	411–14, 438–41		of human rights,		722–23
delimitation of,	384–86, 438–39		Customs unions,		186
rights in,	384, 439–41		Customs unions,		186
rights in,	384, 439–41		Cyberspace
Continuity and contiguity			Cyberspace
Continuity and contiguity			copyright law and,		273–74
contiguous zone at sea,	382, 397, 422–23		copyright law and,		273–74
contiguous zone at sea,	382, 397, 422–23		jurisdiction in,	256–57, 259–64,
title to territory and,		244	jurisdiction in,	256–57, 259–64,
title to territory and,		244		266, 268, 271–75
				266, 268, 271–75
Conventional weapons,			libel in,		274
restrictions on use of,		630–40	uploader/downloader theory of,		259
Copyright law, cyberspace and,		273–74	Cyprus,	186, 195, 610
Corbett, R,		59, 61	Czech Republic,		167, 170
Corporations			Czechoslovakia,		50, 146,
claims against state				157–65, 167,
responsibility by,		359–60		169–72, 203, 367
corporate personality,		92
exceptions to state immunity and,		300	Damage caused by space
Correction of treaties,		123	Damage caused by space
Correction of treaties,		123	objects,		516–23
			objects,		516–23
Corruption, treaties and,		145	Daman,		246
			Daman,		246
Council of Europe,		98, 167,	D’Amato, Anthony,		81
	721, 722, 730		D’Amato, Anthony,		81
	721, 722, 730		Danilenko, Gennady,		101
Crawford, James,	150, 183		Danilenko, Gennady,		101
Crawford, James,	150, 183		De facto and de jure recognition
Crimean War,		626	De facto and de jure recognition
Crimean War,		626	of nation states,	204–05, 220, 221
			of nation states,	204–05, 220, 221
Crimes, international			Death penalty,	698, 716–17
See International crimes			Death penalty,	698, 716–17
See International crimes			Decisions
Criminal law,		22	Decisions
Criminal law,		22	judicial
			judicial
Critical date, territorial			See Judicial decisions
rights and,	227, 237		of the UN,		95–96
rights and,	227, 237
Critical legal studies,		19–20	Declarations of the UN,		96
Critical legal studies,		19–20
Croatia,	202, 603, 725		Declaratory theory of statehood,		202–03
Croatia,	202, 603, 725
Cultural heritage, conservation			Deep-sea mining,	390–91, 451–76
Cultural heritage, conservation
of,	838, 840–43		Defences and justifications in
Cultural minorities,			state responsibility,		361–67
Cultural minorities,
rights of,	703, 715, 724–25		Definitions
Cultural rights,	686, 687–95		of customary law,		66–70
Cultural rights,	686, 687–95		of economic law,		734–36
Customary law,		5	of economic law,		734–36
Customary law,		5	of force,		600–01
international customary			of force,		600–01
international customary			of international law,	5–7, 66–70
law,	40–43, 45–46		of international law,	5–7, 66–70
law,	40–43, 45–46		of treaties,		125–31
definitions of,		66–70	of treaties,		125–31
definitions of,		66–70	Defoliants,		668
material element in,	66, 71–75		Defoliants,		668
material element in,	66, 71–75
psychological element in,	66, 75–82		Delagoa Bay,		248
as source of international			Democracy,		18
law,	61, 65–83,		Democracy,		18
law,	61, 65–83,		Deng, Francis,		718
	738, 793		Deng, Francis,		718
	738, 793		Denmark,	126, 132, 235–36
treaties as evidence of,		83	Denmark,	126, 132, 235–36

864

Index

Denning, Lord,	42, 290, 299		Drug trafficking,		389
Depositaries of treaties,		122	Dual nationality,		358–59
Dereliction, loss of territory and,		247–48	Dualist legal theories,		33, 35
Descamps, Baron,	87, 88, 89, 90		Dum-dum bullets,		629
Designation of treaties,		131	Dumping,		758–59
Development			Dunant, Henri,		626
economic,	751, 753–54,		Dupuy,		97
		761–86	Dupuy,		97
		761–86	Duties on imports,		758
environmental protection and,		800–08	Duties on imports,		758
environmental protection and,		800–08
Diplomatic immunity,		303–18	E-mail,		272
basis of,		315–16	E-mail,		272
diplomatic communications,		318	Economic law,		733–89
diplomatic mission,		316–17	economic development,		751, 753–54,
diplomatic personnel,		317–18		761–86, 800–08
Diplomatic relations			expropriation of foreign-
international law on,		316	owned property,	733, 777, 786–89
severance of,		156	financial stability,		734, 759–61
war and,		628	nature and definition of,		734–36
Direct effect concept,	52–53, 55–56, 57		sources of,	736–39, 740–41
Direct effect concept,	52–53, 55–56, 57		trade,		733–734,
Dirty nuclear weapons,		667	trade,		733–734,
Dirty nuclear weapons,		667		741–59, 777–82
				741–59, 777–82
Disappearances, enforced,		717	Economic rights,	687–95, 774–83
			Economic rights,	687–95, 774–83
Disarmament,		779	Economic and Social Council
			Economic and Social Council
Discovery of territory,		228	of the United Nations,		580–82
Displaced persons,		717–18	Ecrehos islets,		236–38
Disposition of territory,		244	Education, right to,		686, 691
Dispute settlement,	525–90, 752–53		Effects doctrine,		276–77
arbitration,		541–43	Effects jurisdiction,		261
conciliation,		538–40	Effects jurisdiction,		261
conciliation,		538–40	Egypt,	128, 166, 186,
good offices,		536–37	Egypt,	128, 166, 186,
good offices,		536–37			242, 246–47,
inquiries,		541			242, 246–47,
inquiries,		541			609, 610, 622
judicial settlement,		543–68			609, 610, 622
judicial settlement,		543–68	Eichmann, Adolph,		281–82, 285
mediation,		537	Eichmann, Adolph,		281–82, 285
negotiation and consultation,		536	El Salvador,		374
over treaties,		165	Electronic mail (e-mail),		272
principles of,		525–35	Electronic mail (e-mail),		272
principles of,		525–35	Embassies, diplomatic
UN and,		525–35,	Embassies, diplomatic
UN and,		525–35,	immunity of,		316–17
	536–37, 568–90		immunity of,		316–17
	536–37, 568–90		Employment contracts,		297
Distress			Employment contracts,		297
Distress			Endangered species, trade in,		837, 843–48
at sea,		380, 444	Endangered species, trade in,		837, 843–48
in outer space,		505–08	Enforced disappearances,		717
Domestic violence,		714	Enforcement
Dominican Republic,		623	enforcement jurisdiction,		251
Double jeopardy,		282–83	of environmental protection,		825–29
Double jeopardy,		282–83	of human rights,		728–31
			of human rights,		728–31

865

Sourcebook on Public International Law

of international law,		21–23,
	30–31, 673–78
judicial,		30
sanctions,		30, 31
United Nations and,		30
by war,		25–26, 31
of law on war,		673–78
Entry into force of treaties,		133
Environmental protection,		791–852
atmospheric,		811–19
conservation of resources,		833–52
economic development and,		800–08
general principles of,		808–10
marine,	403, 454, 819–32
nuclear weapons and,		648–49
pollution,		810–33
right to decent environment,		852
Rio Conference,		804–08
sources of law on,		793–95
Stockholm Conference on,		795–800
trade and,	754–55, 843–48
Environmental weapons,
restrictions on use of,		668–69
Equality, right to,		684, 713–16
Equity in international law,		14, 93
Erga omnes rights and
obligations,		5–6, 139
Eritrea,		50
Error in treaties,		145
Espiell, Hector Gross,		193–94
Estonia,		167
Estoppel,		92
Estrada doctrine,		204
Estuaries, baseline measurement
and,		374, 375
Ethiopia,		50, 203, 220
Ethnic minorities, rights of,		703,
		715, 724–25
European Court of Human
Rights,	134, 721, 730–31
European Court of Justice,		46–57, 277
European Union
access to internal waters,		378
human rights and,		721

international law and,			46–57
recognition of new states by,			193, 202
resolutions of,			98
Evidence of international law,			60, 62
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ),			382–83,
	384–86, 429–38
Executions,			698, 716–17
Executive jurisdiction,			252
Exploration and use of
outer space,	501–05, 508–15
Export subsidies,			759
Expropriation of foreign-
owned property,	733, 777, 786–89
Extra-territoriality theory of
diplomatic immunity,			315
Extradition,			283, 350–51
Falk, Richard,			12
Falkland Islands,			239–41,
		268, 602, 625
Family, human rights and,		685, 690, 702
Fault in state responsibilities,			338–40
Federalism,			195
Fiji,			715–16
Financial stability,			734, 759–61
Finland,			185, 246
Fisher, Roger,			21–22
Fishing zones,		382, 405–10,
431–34, 448–49, 851
Fitzmaurice, Gerald,			16–17, 35,
			36–38, 252
Flagging of ships,			387–88,
		399–400, 442
Fleischhauer, Carl-August,			555
Floating island theory,			265
Flory,			735
Food, human rights and,			690
Force majeure,			155–56
Force
See Use of force
Foreign nationals, treatment of,			355–56

866

Index

Foreign states’ territorial rights,		245–47
Foreign-owned property,
expropriation of,	733, 777, 786–89
France,	3, 9, 92, 127,
	137, 209, 385,
387, 558, 609, 810
territorial rights and,	233–35, 236–38,
	244–45, 246, 248
Fraud in treaties,		145
Free trade,	733–34, 741–59
Freedom, right to,	684–85, 698–99
Frustration,		155
Full Powers,		131
Functional necessity theory
of diplomatic immunity,		315–16
Gas weapons, restrictions
on use of,	629–30, 668
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT),		50, 734,
	741–42, 757–59
General Assembly of the
United Nations,	525, 571–73
General international law,		5
General principles of law
draft code of,		90–92
as source of international law,		83–93
Genocide,		352, 647,
	674, 675–78
Geny,		80
Germany,		45–46,
	50, 132, 146,
	166, 186–87, 243
Gleneagles Agreement,		99
Global warming,	811, 818–19
Goa,	242–43, 246
Good faith
in international relations,	527, 534–35
in interpretation of treaties,		143
Good offices, dispute
settlement and,		536–37
Governments,	185, 685, 702–03
legislative and executive acts of,		221–22

public procurement
programmes,		756–57
recognition of,		204, 219
Great Barrier Reef,		376
Greenland,	126, 143, 235–36
Grenada,	18, 72, 604, 610, 623
Grotius, Hugo,		5, 31, 267,
		268, 379, 386
Guggenheim, Paul,		78, 80
Guillaume, Gilbert,		556
Hague Conferences,		98
Haile Selassie,		220
Haiti,		618
Hall, WE,		9
Hannum, Hurst,		190
Harbours
See Ports
Hart, HLA,		13, 21
Harvard Research,	99, 275, 279, 282
Heligoland,		243
Henkin, Louis,		22, 29
Herczegh, Geza,		556
Heritage, conservation of,		838, 840–43
Higgins, Rosalyn,		556
High seas,		386–90,
	398–410, 441–48
freedom of,	386–87, 441–42
hot pursuit rights,		389–90,
	402–03, 446–47
jurisdiction on,		255–56,
	265, 266, 267,
	268, 387–89, 442–44
safety of shipping on,		389, 390
Hijacking,	486, 489, 491–98
Hinterland doctrine,		244
Historical development of
international law,		2–5, 266–67
HIV/AIDS, human rights and,		716
Hobhouse J,		219
Holy Roman Empire,		3
Honduras,		374

867

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Hong Kong,		146, 245
Hot pursuit of ships,		389–90,
		402–03, 446–47
Huber, Max,		226, 244
Hudson J,		66, 93
Human rights,		679–731
challenges to,		713–18
enforcement of,		728–31
sources of,		682–723
customary rules,		722–23
general international
agreements,		682–720
regional agreements,		721–22
specialised international
agreements,		720–21
third generation rights,		723–28
Humanitarian intervention,
use of force and,		611–12
Humanitarian rules in war,		625,
		660–63, 671–73
Humanity
crimes against,		352–53, 674
genocide,	352, 647, 674, 675–78
Humphrey, Hubert,		260
Hungary,		157–65,
		169–72, 362–67
Hussein, King,		208

individuals,			341–43
insurrectionaries,			344–45
organs of the state,			340–41
ultra vires acts,			343–44
Incendiary weapons,			639–40
Incorporation doctrine,			40–43
India,	166, 242–43, 246, 611
Indigenous people, rights of,			715–16
Individuals
claims against state
responsibility by,			357–59
imputability in state
responsibilities of,			341–43
protection of,			609–10
responsibility for international
crimes,			346–55
as subjects of international law,			200
Indonesia,			377
Information technology,			755
Injuries
exceptions to state
immunity and,			297–98
in UN service,		175–181, 353
Inland waterways,			246
access to,			378
Innocent passage rights,		380–81, 394–97,
		418–22, 426

Hussein, Saddam,	29	Inquiries, dispute settlement and,			541

		Institut de Droit International,			99
Ice-covered areas,	831–32	Intellectual property (copyright)
		law, cyberspace and,			273–74
Iceland,	382
		Inter-American Court of
Idealist approach to
		Human Rights,			722
international law,	13
		Internal waters,	371, 377–79, 417
Immunities from jurisdiction,	287–319
		access to ports,			378
consular immunity,	318–19
		archipelagic waters,		379, 427–29
diplomatic,	303–18
		inland waterways,			246, 378
international organisations,	287, 319
		jurisdiction over foreign
military personnel,	278, 303
		ships in,			378
sovereign immunity,	222, 287–303
		Internally displaced persons,			717–18
Imports,	758
		International Atomic Energy
Impossibility of performance
		Agency (IAEA),			833
of treaties,	155–56, 158
		International Bank for
Imputability in state
		Reconstruction and
responsibilities,	340–45
		Development (IBRD),		734, 760–61

868

Index

See also World Bank

International Civil Aviation

authority (ICAO),	486, 491
International comity,	7
International Court of Justice, 6, 9, 17, 30,
	38, 95, 586–87
academic writers’
opinions and,	94
advisory opinions,	554–55, 562–67
competence of,	549–51
composition of,	544, 555–57
customary international
law and,	66–83
decisions of,	93–94
dispute settlement and,	536, 543–68
effects of judgments of,	567–68
environmental protection
and,	792–93
general principles of
law and,	83–93
jurisdiction of,	252, 550, 557–67
law applied by,	567
law of the sea and,	372, 378, 381,
	382, 385–86, 388
law of treaties and,	100, 135–36, 143,
144, 157–65, 167–73
law of war and,	645–67
non-appearance before,	568
organisation of,	544–49
procedure of,	551–54

resolutions of international and regional organisations

and,		98
state responsibility and,		339, 358,
		359, 361
statute on,		63–64, 544–55
on subjects of international
law,	176–81, 187, 199
territorial rights and,		245
use of force and,		596–600, 605,
		608–09, 618
International crimes,	327, 334–37, 345–55
genocide,	352, 647, 674, 675–78
war crimes,		281–82, 346,
		353–55, 673–78
International criminal court,		355
International Development
Association (IDA),		761

International Finance
Corporation,		761
International financial
system,		734, 759–61
International Labour
Organisation (ILO),	99, 216, 720, 751
International law
air space,	483–89, 811–12
definitions of,		5–7, 66–70
economic relations,		733–89
enforcement of,	21–23, 30–31
environmental protection,		403, 454,
		648–49,
	754–55, 791–852
historical development of,		2–5, 266–67
human rights,		679–731
jurisdiction in,		249–86
law of the sea,	369–481, 820–32
law of treaties,		100, 103–73
legal status of,		20–30
municipal law and,	6, 7, 26–29, 33–58
practicalities of,		38–58
theories on,		33–38
nature of,		7–20
contemporary theories of,		11–20
modern view of,		10–11
traditional view of,		9
outer space,	264, 266, 267,
268, 270–71, 499–523
recognition and legitimation
of nation states,		201–22
settlement of disputes,	525–90, 752–53
sources of,		59–101,
	736–39, 740–41
custom as,	61, 65–83, 738, 793
economic law,	736–39, 740–41
on environmental
protection,		793–95
general principles of law as,		83–93
International Law
Commission and,		98–99
judicial decisions as,		93–94
jus cogens,	100–01, 146–54,
	188, 723, 792
resolutions of international
organisations as,		95–98
resolutions of regional
organisations as,		98

869

150 128, 606 672 275 275–76

93–94

567–68

93–94

252

543–68

249–86

486–98

283–84

253–54

282–83

283

285

375–76, 394 376, 416

128, 176, 184, 203, 207, 210, 211, 214, 242, 244, 282 604, 605–06, 610

Sourcebook on Public International Law

‘soft law’ as,		99, 738,
	741, 793–95
statute of the ICJ,		63–64
treaties as,	64–65, 83,
	738, 740, 793
writers as,		94
state responsibility and,		321–68
subjects of,	127–30, 175–200
territorial rights,		223–248
use of force,		591–623
war and,	591, 625–78
International Law Association,		99
International Law Commission
(ILC),		38, 66,
	98–99, 103, 302
law of treaties and,	130, 136, 139,
	141, 146–54
state responsibility and,	321–23, 344
International Monetary
Fund (IMF),	734, 759–60, 765
International organisations
immunity from national
jurisdiction of,		287, 319
national sovereignty and,		186
primary commodity associations,		777
recognition of,		219
as sources of international
law,	95–98, 736–37
as subjects of international
law,		199–200

Interpretation of treaties,		111–12, 142–44
Inter-state system,		11
Intertemporal law, territorial
rights and,		226–27
Investment,		756, 777
Invitation, use of force and,		606–09
Iran,	130, 316–17, 341–42,
		345, 607, 610
Iraq,		29, 72, 198,
	242, 604, 605, 606,
	617–20, 625, 668, 670
Islam,		4
Islands,		449
archipelagos,		376, 379, 426–29

baseline for measurements and,

reefs,

Israel,

use of force and,

Italy,

Jennings, Robert,

Jimenez de Arechaga,

Jordan,

Journalists, treatment in war of,

International personality,		175	Jowitt, Lord,
International sea bed,	390–92, 451–76		Joyce, William,
International spaces, theory of,		261,	Judicial decisions
	262, 264–73		of the International Court
International trade			of Justice,
International trade			effects of,
See Trade			effects of,
See Trade			as source of international law,
International Trade Organisation			as source of international law,
International Trade Organisation			Judicial jurisdiction,
(ITO),		734	Judicial jurisdiction,
(ITO),		734	Judicial settlement of disputes,
International tribunals, municipal			Judicial settlement of disputes,
International tribunals, municipal			Jurisdiction in international law,
law before,		38–39	Jurisdiction in international law,
International Union for			on aircraft,
International Union for			asylum,
Conservation of Nature and			asylum,
Conservation of Nature and			civil,
Natural Resources (IUCN),		833	civil,
Natural Resources (IUCN),		833	double jeopardy,
			double jeopardy,

	Internet	extradition,
	See Cyberspace
		illegal seizure of offenders,

870

Index

immunities from,	287–319	Laissez faire,		761
of International Court		Land-locked states, law of
of Justice,	252, 550, 557–67	Land-locked states, law of
of Justice,	252, 550, 557–67	the sea and,	399, 435, 450–51
principles of,	257–58	the sea and,	399, 435, 450–51
principles of,	257–58	Languages in treaties,		144
nationality principle,	253, 257, 278	Languages in treaties,		144
nationality principle,	253, 257, 278	Lansing, Robert,		190
passive personality		Lansing, Robert,		190
principle,	253, 258, 279–80	Latvia,		167
protective or security		Lauterpacht, Hersch,		12, 15, 34,
principle,	253, 257,	Lauterpacht, Hersch,		12, 15, 34,
principle,	253, 257,			64, 129, 201–02,
	258, 275–77			64, 129, 201–02,
	258, 275–77		338, 360, 559, 738
territorial principle,	252–53,		338, 360, 559, 738
territorial principle,	252–53,	Law of nations
	254–75, 257	Law of nations
	254–75, 257	See International law
universality principle,	253, 258, 280–82	See International law
universality principle,	253, 258, 280–82	Law of the Sea Conferences,		98–99
on ships,	255–56, 265,	Law of the Sea Conferences,		98–99
	266, 267, 268,	Law-making treaties,		64–65
378, 387–89, 442–44		League of Nations,	5, 10, 26, 63, 134–35,
wrongful exercise of,	286	League of Nations,	5, 10, 26, 63, 134–35,
wrongful exercise of,	286	186–88, 198, 203, 207,
Juristic writers, as source		186–88, 198, 203, 207,
Juristic writers, as source			216, 356, 538, 591
of international law,	94	Covenant of,		592–94, 679–81
Jus cogens,	100–01, 146–54,	Leases of territory,		245
	188, 723, 792	Lebanon,		185, 622
Jus dispositivum,	100	Lebanon,		185, 622
Jus dispositivum,	100	Legal effects, law of treaties
Justice (equity) in international		Legal effects, law of treaties
Justice (equity) in international		and,		130
law,	14, 93	Legal positivism,		11, 19, 23,
Justifications		Legal positivism,		11, 19, 23,
Justifications				24, 25, 79
in state responsibility,	361–67	Legal rights,	684, 700–01, 703
for use of force,	601–13	Legal rights,	684, 700–01, 703
for use of force,	601–13	Legal status of international
		Legal status of international
Kampelman, Max,	193	law,		20–30
Kampelman, Max,	193	Legislative jurisdiction,		252
Kelsen, Hans,	12, 19, 34, 76	Legislative jurisdiction,		252
Kelsen, Hans,	12, 19, 34, 76	Legitimation
Kennedy, David,	19	Legitimation
Kennedy, David,	19	See Recognition and legitimation
Khalid, Mansour,	801	of nation states
Khomeini, Ayatollah,	342	Lend-lease,		246
Kilmuir, Lord,	609	Lenin, VI,		11, 190
Kooijmans, Pieter H,	556	Lewis, Arthur,		763
Korea,	616–17, 622	Libel, cyberspace and,		274
Koroma, Abdul G,	556	Liberia,		610
Koskenniemi, Martti,	70	Libya,		18, 96–97, 374,
Kurds,	607, 612			385, 560, 604
Kurds,	607, 612	Liechtenstein,		184
Kuwait,	29, 197, 242, 603,	Liechtenstein,		184
Kuwait,	29, 197, 242, 603,	Life, right to,		697–98
	606, 617–20, 625	Life, right to,		697–98
		Linguistic minorities, rights
Labour standards,	751	of,	703, 715, 724–25
Labour standards,	751	Lithuania,		167, 184
Lagash,	3	Lithuania,		167, 184
Lagash,	3

871

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Living standards,			686, 690	Mining, deep-sea,		390–91, 451–76
Locus standi				Minorities, rights of,	703, 715, 724–25
recognition of statehood and,			219–21	Minquiers islets,		236–238
in state responsibilities,			356–57	Minquiers islets,		236–238
in state responsibilities,			356–57	Modification of treaties,		113–14, 141–42
Loss of territory,			247–48	Modification of treaties,		113–14, 141–42
Loss of territory,			247–48	Monaco,		184, 198
Low-tide elevations, baseline				Monaco,		184, 198
Low-tide elevations, baseline				Monist legal theories,		33, 34–35, 46
for measurements and,		375, 394, 418		Monist legal theories,		33, 34–35, 46
for measurements and,		375, 394, 418		Moore, John Basset,		60
				Moore, John Basset,		60
McDougal, Myres,		12, 13, 16, 81		Moralistic nature of
McDougal, Myres,		12, 13, 16, 81		international law,		12
MacGibbon, IC,			77	international law,		12
MacGibbon, IC,			77	Morocco,	197, 224, 225–26
Machiavelli, N,			3	Morocco,	197, 224, 225–26
Machiavelli, N,			3	Most-favoured-nation trade,		757
Malawi,			206	Most-favoured-nation trade,		757
Malawi,			206	Multilingual treaties,		144
Mali,			188, 243	Multilingual treaties,		144
Mali,			188, 243	Municipal courts, international
Malta,			560	Municipal courts, international
Malta,			560	law in,		39–46
				law in,		39–46
Manchukuo,			241	Municipal law
				Municipal law
Mandates and trust				international law and,		6, 7,
territories,	207, 216, 582–86					26–29, 33–58
as subjects of international				law of treaties and,		145
law,			198–99	practicalities of,		38–58
Marek,			150	theories on,		33–38
Marek,			150	legal effects of recognition
Marriage, right to,			685	legal effects of recognition
Marriage, right to,			685	of nation states in,		219–22
Marshall, Chief Justice,			23	of nation states in,		219–22
Marshall, Chief Justice,			23	Munro, Robert,		802
Material breach of treaties,			155, 159–60	Munro, Robert,		802
Material breach of treaties,			155, 159–60
Mauritania,			224, 226	Namibia,		196, 198, 199,
Mediation, dispute				Namibia,		196, 198, 199,
Mediation, dispute			537	214, 216, 218, 356
settlement and,			537	Nation states
Medical experimentation,			698	Nation states
Medical experimentation,			698	capacity to enter into
Medical personnel, treatment				international relations,		185–88
in war of,			672	coercion of,		145–46
Mesopotamia,			3	decline of importance of,		19
Mesopotamia,			3	domestic law in,		21–22
Mexico,			233–35	domestic law in,		21–22
Mexico,			233–35	equality of,		527, 534
Mikva CJ,			279	equality of,		527, 534
Mikva CJ,			279	European Union law and,		57
Military aircraft,			486	governments of,		185, 204, 219
Military personnel				international law and,		2, 3–5,
Military personnel						6, 10–11
immunity from national						6, 10–11
immunity from national				customary international
jurisdiction of,			303	customary international
jurisdiction of,			303	law,		71–75
jurisdiction over,			278	law,		71–75
jurisdiction over,			278	as subjects,		127, 181–96
Military vessels (warships),		381, 389, 397,		as subjects,		127, 181–96
Military vessels (warships),		381, 389, 397,		inter-state system,		11
		400, 422, 443		inter-state system,		11
		400, 422, 443		jurisdiction of,		249,
Mines (weapons),			635–39	jurisdiction of,		249,
Mines (weapons),			635–39			252–53, 254–75
Minimum contacts analysis,			261	immunities from,		287–319

872

Index

legality of,		188
permanence of,		188
populations of,		184
recognition and
legitimation of,		201–22
responsibilities of,		321–68
defences and justifications
in,		361–67
economic,		774–83
environmental protection,		808–10
exhaustion of local
remedies on,		360–61
fault in,		338–40
imputability in,		340–45
international crimes,		327,
	334–37, 345–55
locus standi in,		356–57
nationality of claims on,		357–60
remedies for international
wrongs,		367–68
treatment of aliens,		355–56
self-determination of,		188–95, 206,
224, 526–27, 533–34
settlement of disputes
between,		525–90
sovereign (state) immunity,		222, 287–303
sovereignty in,		3, 185–88,
		250–51
state succession and,		121,
	157–73, 195–96
territorial rights,		184, 223–48
air space,	483–86, 811–12
at sea,		379–82,
	392–94, 415–21
in outer space,		264, 266, 267,
268, 270–71, 499–523
National heritage, conservation
of,		838, 840–43

Nationality

claims on state responsibilities

and,	357–60
as principle of jurisdiction
in international law,	253, 257, 278
right to,	685
Natural law,	11, 14, 24, 34, 100
Natural resources
conservation of,	803, 833–52

deep-sea mining,	390–91, 451–76
fishing,	382, 405–10,
431–34, 448–49, 851
rights to,	777, 786–89,
	800, 803–04
Nature of international law,		7–20
contemporary theories of,		11–20
economic law,	734–36, 739–40
modern view of,		10–11
traditional view of,		9
Nauru,		557
Ndiaye, Bacre Waly,		717
Necessity, defence of,	361, 362–67
Negotiation
dispute settlement and,		536
on treaties,		131–32
accrediting of negotiators,		131
coercion in,		145
Netherlands,	3, 46, 132, 228
New Guinea,		198
New International Economic
Order (NIEO),	765, 783–86
New Zealand,		126–27,
	195, 377, 387
Nicaragua,		18, 218,
342–43, 374, 559,
596–600, 608–09
Nigeria,	560–62, 612
No quarter warfare,		671
Non-appearance before the
International Court of Justice,		568
Non-detectable fragments,
weapons and,		635
Non-recognition of nation states,		203–04
Non-retroactivity of treaties,		138
Non-self-executing treaties,		45
Noriega, General,		610
Normative treaties,		65
Norway,	126, 235–36,
	371–72, 558
Notifications of treaties,		122–23
Nuclear energy,		833

873

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Nuclear weapons				exploration and use of,		501–05, 508–15
restrictions on use of,			640–67	jurisdiction in,		264, 266,
testing of,			387, 649			267, 268, 270–71
Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal,			10	registration of objects
Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal,			10	launched into,		515–16
				launched into,		515–16
Object and purpose approach				Ozone layer,		794, 811, 816–17
Object and purpose approach
to interpretation of treaties,			142
Objective approaches				Pacta sunt secunda,		137
Objective approaches
to interpretation of treaties,			142	Pacta tertiis nec nocent
to recognition of states,			204	nec prosunt,		139–41
Objective state responsibility,			338	Pakistan,		611
Objective territoriality				Palestine,	205, 207–08, 209–11,
principle of jurisdiction,		254, 255, 257		214–16, 217, 218, 242
Observance of treaties,		110, 137–38		Palestine Liberation
O’Connell, DP,			63	Organisation (PLO),		127–30, 196, 207
O’Connell, DP,			63
Oda, Shigeru,			556	Palmas,		227, 228–33
Oda, Shigeru,			556
Offenders, illegal seizure of,			285	Panama,		18, 610
Offenders, illegal seizure of,			285
Öffentliche Ordnung,			147	Panama Canal,		246
Öffentliche Ordnung,			147
Opinio juris sive necessitatis,		66, 75–82		Pan-American Union,		135
Opinio juris sive necessitatis,		66, 75–82
Opinion, freedom of,			685, 701	Parra-Aranguren, Gonzalo,		556
Opinion, freedom of,			685, 701
Oppenheim,	9, 60, 61–62, 201			Parry, Clive,		61
Oppenheim,	9, 60, 61–62, 201
Ordinary meaning in interpretation				Passive personality principle
Ordinary meaning in interpretation				of jurisdiction in
of treaties,			143	of jurisdiction in
of treaties,			143	international law,		253, 258, 279–80
Ordre public,			147	international law,		253, 258, 279–80
Ordre public,			147	Paton,		59
Organisation for African				Paton,		59
Organisation for African				Peace, crimes against,		674
Unity (OAU),	98, 245, 623, 722			Peace, crimes against,		674
Unity (OAU),	98, 245, 623, 722
Organisation of American				Peace of Westphalia (1648),		3
Organisation of American
States (OAS),		98, 623, 722		Peace-keeping actions, UN,		621–22
Organisation for Economic				Peller,		735
Co-operation and				Peoples, rights of,		726
Development (OECD),			99, 741	Peoples, rights of,		726
Development (OECD),			99, 741	Perfidy,		671
Organisation for European				Perfidy,		671
Organisation for European				Performance of treaties,
Economic Co-operation (OEEC),			741	Performance of treaties,
Economic Co-operation (OEEC),			741	supervening impossibility
Organisation of the International				supervening impossibility
Organisation of the International				of,		155–56, 158
Court of Justice,			544–49	of,		155–56, 158
Court of Justice,			544–49	Persona non grata,		316, 319
Organs of the state, imputability				Persona non grata,		316, 319
Organs of the state, imputability				Personal injury
in state responsibilities of,			340–41	Personal injury
in state responsibilities of,			340–41	See Injuries
Ostracism,			24	See Injuries
Ostracism,			24	Personal representation theory
Outer space,			499–523	Personal representation theory
Outer space,			499–523	of diplomatic immunity,		315
damage caused by space				of diplomatic immunity,		315
damage caused by space				Petersmann,		735
objects,			516–23	Petersmann,		735
objects,			516–23	Pharmaceuticals,		755
distress in,			505–08	Pharmaceuticals,		755

874

Index

Philippines,	377
Phillimore, Lord,	89–90
Piracy,	280–81, 388,
	401–02, 444–45
pirate broadcasting,	389, 445–46
Pleins Pouvoirs,	131
Poland,	221–22, 368
Polar regions
Antarctica,	244, 264, 265,
	267, 268–70, 851–52
Arctic region,	244
Policy approach to
international law,	13, 18–19
Political asylum,	73
Political rights,	696–710
Polluter pays principle,	810
Pollution,	810–33
air,	811–19
marine,	403, 454, 819–32

Property
exceptions to state
immunity and,	298–300
expropriation of foreign-
owned property,	733, 777, 786–89
intellectual (copyright),	273–74
protection of,	609–10
right to,	685
Prostitution,	714
Protection of nationals and
property abroad, use of
force and,	609–10
Protective or security principle
of jurisdiction in
international law,	253, 257,
	258, 275–77
effects doctrine and,	276–277
Protectorates, as subjects of
international law,	197–98
Public international law,	6

Populations of nation states,		184	Public opinion,	31
Populations of nation states,		184	Public procurement
Ports			Public procurement
Ports			programmes,	756–57
access to,		378	programmes,	756–57
access to,		378	Publication of treaties,	123, 133
baseline for measurements			Publication of treaties,	123, 133
and harbour works,	375, 393, 417
Portugal,		242–43,	Quasi-law (‘soft law’),	99, 130, 738,
	246, 248, 377			741, 793–95
Post-modernism,		19–20	Quotas, import,	758
Pound, Roscoe,		13
Prebisch, Raul,		763, 764	Racial discrimination,	713, 721
Precedent in international law,		42, 94	Radio broadcasting,
Prescott, V,		372	unauthorised,	389, 445–46
Prescription and acquiescence,			Radiological weapons,	667
title to territory and,		238–41	Ranjeva, Raymond,	556
Prescriptive jurisdiction,		251	Ratification of treaties,	132–33
Primary commodity associations,		777	Read J,	71
Prisoners	669, 672–73		Reagan, Ronald,	18, 610
prisoners of war,	669, 672–73		Rebus sic stantibus,	156
rights of,		699	Rebus sic stantibus,	156
rights of,		699	Recognition and legitimation
Private international law,	6, 7, 738–39		Recognition and legitimation
Private international law,	6, 7, 738–39		of nation states,	201–22
Prize law,		94	of nation states,	201–22
Prize law,		94	collective,	205–18
Procedure of the International			de facto and de jure,	204–05, 220, 221
Court of Justice,		551–54	legal effects in municipal
			law of,	219–22

875

Sourcebook on Public International Law

non-recognition,	203–04	Rights
recognition of governments,	204	civil rights,		696–710
theoretical issues in,	201–03	cultural rights,		686, 687–95
Recommendations of the UN,	96	to decent environment,		852
Recommendations of the UN,	96	economic rights,	687–95, 774–83
Red Cross,	625, 626	economic rights,	687–95, 774–83
Red Cross,	625, 626	erga omnes,		5–6, 139
Reefs, baseline for		erga omnes,		5–6, 139
Reefs, baseline for		human rights,		679–731
measurements and,	376, 416	innocent pasage rights,	380–81, 394–97,
Refugees and displaced persons,	717–18			418–22, 426
Regional international law,	57–58	to natural resources,		777, 786–89,
Regional international law,	57–58			800, 803–04
Regional organisations, as				800, 803–04
Regional organisations, as		nature of law and,		23–24
sources of international law,	98	nature of law and,		23–24
sources of international law,	98	political rights,		696–710
Registration		political rights,		696–710
Registration		self-determination principle,		188–95,
of objects launched into			206, 224, 526–27,
outer space,	515–16	533–34, 612–13, 724–28
of treaties,	123, 133	social rights,		687–95
Religion, right to,	685, 701	territorial
Religious personnel, treatment		See Territorial rights
Religious personnel, treatment		Rio Conference,		804–08
in war of,	672	Rio Conference,		804–08
Remedies for international		Riphagen, Willem,		322
wrongs,	367–68	Risk responsibility,		338
Reprisals, belligerent,	671	River boundaries,		245
Res communis,	267	River estuaries, baseline
Res nullius		measurement and,		374, 375
See Terra nullius		River mouths, baseline for
Research, marine,	453–54	measurements and,		375, 417
Reservations from treaties, 108–10, 133–37		Rivier,		80
definitions of,	134	Roadsteads,		394, 417
validity of,	134–37	Rockall,		376
Resources		Rockall,		376
Resources		Roman law,		3, 80, 137,
See Natural resources		Roman law,		3, 80, 137,
See Natural resources				147, 246, 267
Restrictive immunity,	289			147, 246, 267
Restrictive immunity,	289	Root, Elihu,	85, 87, 88, 89, 90
Reuter, Paul,	133	Root, Elihu,	85, 87, 88, 89, 90
Reuter, Paul,	133	Rule approach to international
Revolt		Rule approach to international
Revolt		law,		12–13, 15–19
imputability in state		Rule of law,		23
responsibilities and,	344–45	Rule of law,		23
responsibilities and,	344–45	Russell of Killowen, Lord,		251
loss of territory and,	247	Russell of Killowen, Lord,		251
loss of territory and,	247	Russia,		243
Rezek, Jose Francisco,	556	Russia,		243
Rezek, Jose Francisco,	556	Rwanda,		198
Rhodes, Cecil,	206	Rwanda,		198
Rhodes, Cecil,	206
Rhodesia,	203, 205,	Saddam Hussein,		29
206–07, 208–09,		Saddam Hussein,		29
213–14, 217, 617		Salmond,		59, 60, 61
Ricci-Busatti, M,	90	Samoa,		198

876

Index

San Marino,		198	Self-defence,			361–62,
Santa Lucia,		248				601–06, 650–51
Santa Lucia,		248
Sardinia,		246	Self-determination principle,			188–95,
Sardinia,		246			206, 224, 526–27,
Saudi Arabia,		619			206, 224, 526–27,
Saudi Arabia,		619	533–34, 612–13, 724–28
Sceptic approach to			533–34, 612–13, 724–28
Sceptic approach to			Self-executing treaties,			45
international law,		13	Self-executing treaties,			45
international law,		13	Separability of provisions
Scheuner,		150	Separability of provisions
Scheuner,		150	of treaties,			114–15
Scholasticism,		4	of treaties,			114–15
Scholasticism,		4	Service sector,			755
Schwarzenberger, G,		29, 183, 735	Service sector,			755
Schwarzenberger, G,		29, 183, 735	Servitude of territory,			245–47
Schwebel, Stephen M,		556, 605	Servitude of territory,			245–47
Schwebel, Stephen M,		556, 605	Shareholders, claims against
Schwelb, S,		148–49	Shareholders, claims against
Schwelb, S,		148–49	state responsibility by,			359–60
Scientific co-operation,		779	Shaw, Lord,			42
Scientific experimentation,		698	Ships
Sea			collisions at sea,		388, 400, 443–44
baseline for measurements,		371–77,	exceptions to state
	392–94, 416–18		immunity and,			301–02
contiguous zone,	382, 397, 422–23		flagging of,	387–88, 399–400, 442
continental shelf,		383–86,	hot pursuit of,			389–90,
	411–14, 438–41					402–03, 446–47
enclosed and semi-enclosed,		449–50	innocent pasage rights,			380–81,
environmental protection in,		403,	jurisdiction over	394–97, 418–22, 426
		454, 819–32	jurisdiction over
exclusive economic			on high seas,			255–56,
zone (EEZ),		382–83,				265, 266, 267,
	384–86, 429–38			268, 387–89, 442–44
high seas,	255–56, 265, 266,		in ports,			378
	267, 268, 386–90,		marine pollution and,			819–20,
	398–410, 441–48					823–25, 826–29
internal waters,	371, 377–79, 417		pirate,			280–81, 388,
international sea bed,	390–92, 451–76					401–02, 444–45
jurisdiction on,		255–56, 265,	safety of,			389, 390
		266, 267, 268	uncertain nationality,			389
land-locked states and,	399, 435, 450–51		Shipwrecked people,
law of,		369–481	treatment of,			672
territorial sea,		379–82,	Sierra Leone,			339
	392–94, 415–21		Sierra Leone,			339
	392–94, 415–21		Simma, Bruno,			70
Secession, wars of,		607	Simma, Bruno,			70
Secession, wars of,		607	Slavery,			684, 698, 720
Sector principle,		244	Slavery,			684, 698, 720
Sector principle,		244	slave trading,		281, 389, 401, 444
Security Council of the			slave trading,		281, 389, 401, 444
Security Council of the			Sloan,			95–96
United Nations,		573–75	Sloan,			95–96
United Nations,		573–75	Slovakia,			157–65,
Security (protective) principle			Slovakia,			157–65,
Security (protective) principle						167, 169–72
of jurisdiction in international						167, 169–72
of jurisdiction in international			Slovenia,			202
law,		253, 257,	Slovenia,			202
law,		253, 257,
		258, 275–77	Smith, Ian,			205

877

Sourcebook on Public International Law

Social rights,		687–95
Social security,		685, 690
Society, nature of,		7–9, 27
Sociological jurisprudence,		12
‘Soft law’,		99, 130, 738,
		741, 793–95
Solidarity (third generation)
rights,		723–28
Somalia,		219, 618
Sorenson, M,		61, 85
Sources of human rights,		682–723
customary rules,		722–23
general international
agreements,		682–720
regional agreements,		721–22
specialised international
agreements,		720–21
Sources of international law,		59–101
custom as,		61, 65–83,
		738, 793
economic law,	736–39, 740–41
on environmental
protection,		793–95
general principles of law as,		83–93
International Law
Commission and,		98–99
judicial decisions as,		93–94
jus cogens,	100–01, 146–54,
		188, 723, 792
resolutions of international
organisations as,		95–98
resolutions of regional
organisations as,		98
‘soft law’ as,		99, 738,
		741, 793–95
statute of the ICJ,		63–64
treaties as,		64–65, 83,
		738, 740, 793
writers as,		94
South Africa,		31, 99, 209,
	214, 218, 220, 356
South West African People’s
Organisation (SWAPO),		196
Southern Rhodesia,		203, 205,
	206–07, 208–09,
	213–14, 217, 617

Sovereign equality of states,			527, 534
Sovereign immunity,		222, 287–303
absolute,			289
basis of,			287–89
exceptions to,			293–302
restrictive,			289
in UK,			289–303
Sovereignty,			3, 185–88
See also Territorial rights
jurisdiction and,			250–51
Soviet Union,			12, 50, 72,
		167, 191, 205,
	221, 244, 486, 606
Spain,			3, 205, 221,
		541, 607, 810
Spanish Sahara,			224–26
Special meaning in interpretation
of treaties,			143
Spender J,			16–17
Spiropoulos, Jean,			346
Spitzbergen,			126
Sri Lanka,			607
Starke,			199, 625
Starvation in warfare,			671
States
See Nation states
Stevens J,			265, 271
Steyn J,			220
Stimson Doctrine,		203, 211, 213
Stockholm Conference,			795–800
Straight baselines,	371–75, 392, 416–17
Straits,	381–82, 423–26
Subjective approaches to
interpretation of treaties,			142
Subjective state responsibility,			338–40
Subjective territoriality principle
of jurisdiction,		254–55, 257
Subjects of international
law,	127–30, 175–200
colonies,			196–97
individuals,			200
international organisations,			199–200
mandates and trust territories,			198–99

878

Index

nation states,	127, 181–96
protectorates,	197–98
Submarine cables and
pipelines,	403–04, 447–48
Submarines,	380
Submission to jurisdiction,	294
Subsidies, export,	759
Successive treaties,
application of,	138
Suez Canal,	246–47, 609
Sui Jiuyong,	556
Supplementary means of
interpretation,	144

Suspension of treaties

See Termination/suspension/ withdrawal from treaties

Suy,	146–47
Switzerland,	127, 134,
	195, 210,	557
Syria,	166, 186, 242,	244

Territorial application of treaties,			138
Territorial principle of
jurisdiction in
international law,	252–53, 254–75, 257
cyberspace and,			259–64
Territorial rights,		184, 223–48
boundaries,		166, 184, 244–45
critical date and,			227, 237
foreign states’ rights,			245–47
intertemporal law and,			226–27
loss of territory,			247–48
terra nullius,			223–26
occupation of,			228–38
territorial waters,			40–41
title to territory,			227–44
Territorial sea,			379–82,
		392–94, 415–21
breadth of,		379–80, 416
delimitation of maritime
boundaries,			380
right of innocent passage in,			380–81,
			394–97,
		418–22, 426

Talbot, Lord,	40	right to deny or suspend
Talbot, Lord,	40	passage through,	381
Tanganyika,	198	straits,	381–82, 423–26
Tanzania,	612	Terrorism,	18, 486, 607
Tariffs,	757–58, 780	Textiles industry,	754
Taxation of imports,	758	Textual approach to
Technology, transfer of,	454, 779	interpretation,	142
Technology, transfer of,	454, 779	Thailand,	92, 368
Teleological approach to		Thailand,	92, 368
Teleological approach to		Thalweg,	245
interpretation,	142	Thalweg,	245
Television broadcasting,		Thiam, Doudou,	347
unauthorised,	389, 445–46	Third generation rights,	723–28
Termination/suspension/		Third parties, treaties and,	112–13, 139–41
withdrawal from treaties,	116–21, 155–65	Third way legal theories,	35–38
by consent,	155	Third way legal theories,	35–38
by consent,	155	Thirlway, HWA,	71
effect of,	157	Thirlway, HWA,	71
effect of,	157	Thirty Years War,	3
fundamental change of		Thirty Years War,	3
circumstances,	156, 158–59	Thomas Aquinas, St,	24
material breach,	155, 159–60	Title to territory,	227–44
supervening impossibility		Title to territory,	227–44
supervening impossibility		accretion,	243
of performance,	155–56, 158	accretion,	243
of performance,	155–56, 158	adjudication of,	243
Terra nullius,	223–26, 267	adjudication of,	243
Terra nullius,	223–26, 267	cession,	243
occupation of,	228–38	conquest/annexation,	241–43

879

Sourcebook on Public International Law

continuity and
contiguity and,		244
disposition by joint decision,		244
occupation of terra nullius,		228–38
prescription and
acquiescence,		238–41
Togoland,		198
Torture,	684, 717, 722–23
Totalitarianism,		18, 22
Trade
environmental protection
and,	754–55, 843–48
free,	733–34, 741–59
right to,		777–82
Trade unions,	686, 689, 702
Transformation doctrine,		39–40
Transit agreements for aviation,		485
Transit passage,	382, 423–26
Transnational corporations,		777
Treaties
amendment and
modification of,	113–14, 141–42
application of,	111, 137–41
conclusion of,	106, 110, 131–33
correction of,		123
definitions of,		125–31
depositaries of,		122
designation of,		131
dispute settlement,		165
European Union law and,		48–56
as evidence of international
law,		83
interpretation of,	111–12, 142–44
law of,	100, 103–73
legal effects of,		130
multilingual,		144
municipal law and,		43–45, 46
notifications of,		122–23
observance of,	110, 137–38
reservations from,	108–10, 133–37
separability of
provisions of,		114–15
as source of international
law,		64–65, 83,
	738, 740, 793
state succession and,	121, 157–73

termination/suspension/
withdrawal from,		116–21, 155–65
third parties and,		112–13, 139–41
unilateral agreements,		126–27
validity of,	114, 115–16, 144–54
Treatment of aliens,		355–56
Treaty contracts,		64–65
Truman, Harry S,		382, 383

Trust territories

See Mandates and trust territories

Turkey,		9
Uganda,		610, 612
Ultra vires acts, imputability
in state responsibilities and,		343–44
Umma,		3
Unequal treaties,		146
Unification, wars of,		607
Unilateral agreements,		126–27
Unilateral declarations of
independence,		205–18, 617
Unilateral use of force,
justifications for,		601–13
United Kingdom,		3, 29, 137,
		186, 377, 385
international customary
law in,		40–43
international disputes and,		541, 542
mandated territories and,		207
recognition of statehood by,		204, 205,
		219–22
Rhodesian UDI and,		206–07,
		209, 213, 617
state (sovereign)
immunity in,		289–303
territorial rights and,	236–38, 239–41,
	243, 244–45, 248
treaties in,	43–45, 132, 138, 146
use of force and,		603, 609
United Nations Commission on
International Trade Law,		99
United Nations Decade of
International Law,		1
United Nations Educational,

880

Index

Scientific and Cultural			trusteeship system,	198–99, 582–86
Organisation,		99	use of force and,		595, 601–03,
United Nations Organisation,		1–2,		605, 608, 609,
				610, 612, 613–23
		10, 26, 95
			World Court
asylum and,		284
			See International Court of Justice
charter of,		525, 568–90,

		595, 613	United States of America,		12, 18, 22,
codification of international					72, 166, 204
law and,		98–99	anti-trust law in,		276–77
colonies and,		196–97	economic relations and,		734, 741
customary international			environmental protection in,		791–92
law and,		79	international customary
dispute settlement and,		525–35,	law in,		45–46
	536–37, 568–90		international disputes and,		541, 542
economic relations and,	579–80, 734, 738,		territorial rights and,	227, 228–33, 243
	741, 761, 762–70		use of force and,		596–600,
Economic and Social					603, 604,
Council,	580–82, 692–93			606, 608–09, 610
enforcement of international			Universal Declaration of
law by,		30
			Human Rights,		10
environmental protection
			Universal international law,		5, 57–58
and,		21, 795–96,
			Universality principle of
	800–02, 804–05,
817, 819, 833, 851			jurisdiction in international
General Assembly,		525, 571–73,	law,	253, 258, 280–82
		613, 622–23	Upjohn J,		299
human rights and,		681, 682, 695,	Use of force,		591–623
	710–20, 729–30
			See also War
injuries suffered in the
			after 1945,		595–600
service of,		175–81, 353
			before 1945,		591–95
jurisdiction of international
			by invitation,		606–09
law and,		270
			collective,		613–23
law of the sea and,	391, 414, 820–21
			definition of force,		600–01
law of treaties and,		133, 136
			humanitarian intervention,		611–12
law of war and,		640
			protection of nationals
membership of,		570
			and property,		609–11
peace-keeping actions,		621–22
			self-defence,		361–62,
purposes and principles of,		569–70
				601–06, 650–51
recognition of states and,		203, 205–18
			self-determination and,		612–13
regional arrangements,		578–79
			unilateral,		601–13
resolutions of,		95–98
			USENET groups,		272
Secretariat,		587–88
			Uti possidetis juris,		245
Security Council,	573–75, 613–14
self-determination principle			Utopianism,		12, 13, 24
and,		188–95, 206,
		224, 526–27,	Valencia-Ospina, Eduardo,		556
533–34, 612–13, 724
			Validity
territorial rights and,		241, 242

881

Sourcebook on Public International Law

of reservations from treaties,		134–37	Westlake,	9, 73
of treaties,		114,	Wetland conservation,	838–40
	115–16, 144–54		Wetland conservation,	838–40
	115–16, 144–54		Wilhelm II, Kaiser,	673
Verdross, Alfred,		12, 149	Wilhelm II, Kaiser,	673
Verdross, Alfred,		12, 149	Willoughby, Lord,	248
Vereshchetin, Vladlen S,		556	Willoughby, Lord,	248
Vereshchetin, Vladlen S,		556	Wilson, Woodrow,	190
VerLoren van Thermat,		735	Wilson, Woodrow,	190
VerLoren van Thermat,		735	Withdrawal from treaties
Vietnam,		372, 612, 668	Withdrawal from treaties
Vietnam,		372, 612, 668	See Termination/suspension/
			See Termination/suspension/
Virally,		81	withdrawal from treaties
Visscher, Charles de,		153	Women
Void treaties,		154	rights of,	688, 697,
Void treaties,		154		713–14, 721
				713–14, 721
Waldock, Humphrey,		130	treatment in war of,	672
Waldock, Humphrey,		130	Work
Walsh, Frank P,		190	Work
Walsh, Frank P,		190	compulsory,	698
War			labour standards,	751
civil war,	606–08, 627–28		right to,	686, 688–89
civilians and,	663, 669–70, 671–72		World Bank,	761, 765
effects of,		628	World Commission on
enforcement of international			World Commission on
enforcement of international			Environment and
law by,		25–26, 31	Environment and
law by,		25–26, 31	Development (WCED),	801–02, 804
law of,		591, 625–78	Development (WCED),	801–02, 804
law of,		591, 625–78	World Court
application of,		627–28	World Court
application of,		627–28	See International Court of Justice
humanitarian rules,		625,	See International Court of Justice
humanitarian rules,		625,
	660–63, 671–73		World Trade Organisation
responsibility and			(WTO),	742–57
enforcement of,		673–78	acceptance of,	749–50
restrictions on methods			budget and contributions,	745–46
of warfare,		669–71	decision-making in,	746–47
restrictions on weapons,		628–69	functions of,	743–44
rules on belligerence,		628–73	membership of,	748–49
sources of,		626–27	objectives of,	751–57
propaganda for,		702	relations with other
termination of treaties and,		156–57	organisations,	745
territorial rights and,		223	scope of,	743
war crimes,		281–82, 346,	Secretariat,	745
	353–55, 673–78		status of,	746
War correspondents,		672	structure of,	744–45
War correspondents,		672
Warships,	381, 389, 397,		World War I,	4, 10, 668
Warships,	381, 389, 397,
		400, 422, 443	World War II,	5, 10, 674
Weapons, restrictions on,		628–69	World Wide Web
Webster, Daniel,		603–04	See Cyberspace
Webster, Daniel,		603–04
Weeramantry, Christopher G,		93, 386, 556	Wounded, treatment of,	672
Weeramantry, Christopher G,		93, 386, 556
Weil, Prosper,		736	Writers, as source of
Weil, Prosper,		736	international law,	94
Western Sahara,		224–26	international law,	94
Western Sahara,		224–26

Wrongful exercise of jurisdiction

882

Index

in international law,	286	Zamora, S,	735
		Zanzibar,	243
Yemen,	186	Zemanek,	76
Yugoslavia,	50, 72, 167–69,	Zimbabwe,	205
	191, 202, 245,
	603, 607, 621, 725
Zambia,	206

883

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