- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •II. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to be
- •III. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Change the number of the noun in bold type and make all other necessary changes
- •V. Fill in there is or there are
- •VI. Add question tags to the following statements. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VII. Put the nouns given in brackets in the possessive case and translate the sentences
- •VIII. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to have (have, has)
- •IX. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Make the following sentences plural, pay attention to the forms of the verbs to be and to have
- •XI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •II. Put the nouns given in brackets in the possessive case and translate the sentences
- •III. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to be or to have
- •IV. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •V. Add question tags to the following statements. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Ask questions to which the following statements can be the answers
- •VII. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •VIII. Replace the adjectives in brackets by their comparative or superlative
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •X. Give Active and Passive Infinitive forms of the verbs given below
- •XI. Give four forms of the following regular verbs
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the words on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •VI. Conjugate the following verbs in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Present Indefinite into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Form the Past Indefinite of the following regular verbs
- •X. Change the sentences given in the Past Indefinite into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XI. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •XII. Change the sentences given in the Future Indefinite Tense into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XIII. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future
- •XIV. Make up as many general questions as you can. Pay attention to the order of words
- •XV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XVI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •II. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate forms of the adjectives from the box
- •III. Give Infinitive forms of the verbs given below
- •IV. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •V. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future
- •VI. Conjugate the following verbs in the Present, Past and Future Continuous
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Present Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous
- •X. Change the sentences given in the Past Continuous Tense into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XI. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous Tenses
- •XII. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous
- •XIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XIV. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Shops and shopping
- •Shopping in britain
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •VI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Past Perfect into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect
- •IX. Change the sentences given in the Future Perfect into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the Future Perfect
- •XI. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs
- •II. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate forms of the adjectives or adverbs given in brackets
- •III. Give four forms of the following verbs
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense
- •V. Change the sentences given in the Present Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Express the same idea in one sentence instead of two by using the Present Perfect Continuous
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Past Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Turn the following into the Past Perfect Continuous. Add other words indicating a past moment as in the model
- •IX. Change the sentences given in the Future Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •The geographical position of the united states
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Form the Passive Voice of the following verbs
- •II. Make up as many sentences as you can
- •III. Change the sentences given in the Passive Voice into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •V. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •VI. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •VII. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future if possible
- •VIII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Indirect democracy
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •II. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •V. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future if possible
- •VI. Say whether the action of the object clause precedes, follows or is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause in the following sentences
- •VII. Use the required tense aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the sequence of tenses
- •VIII. Ask your friends and then say what they answered
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •II. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •V. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech. Make the necessary changes in verbs and pronouns
- •VI. Put the following in indirect speech
- •VII. Put the following in direct speech with the appropriate punctuation
- •VIII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •II. Put the following in indirect speech
- •III. Change the given sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •V. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with may, might, can or could
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •II. Put the following in indirect speech
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Paraphrase the following using the verb must
- •V. Paraphrase the following using the modal verb to have to
- •VI. Paraphrase the following sentences referring them to the past and to the future
- •VII. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the modal verb need
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Fill in the blanks with to be to, to have to or must, using the correct form of the infinitive
- •X. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •II. Refer the following to the past. Make all the necessary changes
- •III. Paraphrase the sentences using the verb shall
- •IV. Paraphrase the following using the verbs will or would
- •V. Use dare with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets
- •VI. Paraphrase the following sentences using the proper modal verbs
- •VII. Use be to, can, have (had) to, may, must, should, with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs be to, should, ought to, can (could), be able to, dare, must or need.
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct voice and tense form
- •II. Rewrite these sentences using the Passive Voice
- •III. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •IV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •V. Fill in the blanks with the negative forms of the modal verbs able to, could, may, might, must, need, should and translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verbs
- •VII. Give possible answers to the following statements or questions using the proper modal verbs
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Complete these sentences using the passive voice
- •II. Put the verbs in the correct voice and tense form
- •III. Put the verb in the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words in brackets
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Indefinite Tenses
- •Indirect Speech
- •Variant 1
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VII. Ask all possible questions about the sentences and put them down
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Variant 2
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VII. Ask all possible questions about the sentences and put them down
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Variant 3
- •I. Give synonyms and antonyms of the following adjectives and their comparative and superlative
- •II. Give the meaning of the following verbs and their four forms
- •III. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Irregular verbs
CHURKINA O.V.
ENGLISH
FOR STUDENTS OF ECONOMICS AND LAW
PART 1
MIHICTEPCTBO OCBITИ І HAУKИ УKPAЇНИ
КИЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ УHIBEPCИTET ІМЕНІ ВАДИМА ГЕТЬМА
O. B. ЧYPKIHA
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ І ЮРИДИЧНИХ ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ
Навчальний посібник
ЧАСТИНА I
Рекомендовано
Міністерством освіти і науки України
KHEY
КИЇВ 2006
CONTENTS
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Вступ ……………………………………………………………………. |
5 |
|
Программа курсу ………………………………………………………. |
7 |
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Методичні поради по вивченню тем посібника ……………………... |
12 |
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Підсумковий контроль знань студентів ……………………................ |
14 |
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Unit 1. Travelling. Means of travelling …………………………………. |
15 |
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Unit 2. At the hotel. Hotel service ………………………………………. |
32 |
|
Unit 3. The weather. About the weather ………………………………… |
49 |
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Unit 4. Meals. Meals in Britain and the USA …………………………... |
66 |
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Unit 5. Shops and shopping. Shopping in Britain ………………………. |
83 |
|
Unit 6. The geographical position of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom …………………………………………………. …………….. |
100 |
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Unit 7. The geographical position of the United States. One of the largest countries in the world …………………………..………………. |
117 |
|
Unit 8. The system of government in Britain. The state system of the United Kingdom ………………………………………………………… |
134 |
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Unit 9. The system of government in the United States. Indirect democracy …………………………………………….………………… |
151 |
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Unit 10. British education system. Education in the United Kingdom …. |
168 |
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Unit 11. Education in the USA. The education system in the USA …….. |
185 |
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Unit 12. Economic systems. Types of economic systems ………………. |
201 |
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Unit 13. Forms of business organization .……………………………….. |
218 |
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Unit 14. Law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement agencies in Britain and the USA …………………………………………………….. |
234 |
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Unit 15. Prosecution. The Crown Prosecution Service ……..………….. |
251 |
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Grammar Reference |
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To be. There is, there are. To have. …………………………………….. |
268 |
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The Noun ……………………………………………………………… |
269 |
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Possessive case ………………………………………………………… |
270 |
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The Adjective. Verb …………………..……………………………….. |
271 |
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Tenses. The Active Voice……………………………………………… |
272 |
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Indefinite Tenses ……………………………………………….............. |
272 |
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Continuous tenses ………………………………………………………. |
277 |
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The Adverb. …………………………………………………………….. |
279 |
|
Perfect tenses …………………………………………………………… |
280 |
|
Perfect Continuous Tenses ……………………………………… |
282 |
|
The Passive Voice ………………………………………………. |
283 |
|
The Sequence of Tenses ………………………………………… |
286 |
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The Indirect Speech ……………………………………………. |
287 |
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Modal verbs ………………..………………………………………... |
289 |
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Can ……………………………………………………………………. |
290 |
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May ……………………………………………………………………. |
291 |
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Must ……………………………………………………………………. |
292 |
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To have to. To be to …………………………………………………… |
293 |
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Need, Ought to, Should………………………….. …………………... |
294 |
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Shall. Will, Would …………………………………………………….. |
295 |
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Dare …………………………………………………………………… |
296 |
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Tests |
297 |
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Test 1 |
297 |
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Variant 1 ………………………………………………………………… |
297 |
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Variant 2 ………………………………………………………………… |
301 |
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Test 2 |
305 |
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Variant 1 ………………………………………………………………… |
305 |
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Variant 2 ………………………………………………………………… |
310 |
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Variant 3 ………………………………………………………………… |
314 |
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Variant 4 ………………………………………………………………… |
318 |
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Keys ……………………………………………………………………... |
323 |
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Irregular Verbs ………………………………………………………….. |
356 |
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Synonyms ……………………………………………………………….. |
358 |
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English Ukrainian Glossary …………………………………….………. |
362 |
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Glossary of Terms ………………………………………………………. |
391 |
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Bibliography …………………………………………………………….. |
395 |
ВСТУП
Актуальні потреби сучасного розвитку суспільства поставили перед вищою школою низку принципових завдань, пов'язаних з удосконаленням системи професійної підготовки фахівців. Реалізація цих завдань неможлива без комплексного розв’язання проблем освіти, кожна з яких передбачає інтенсифікацію освітнього процесу. Одним з технологічних способів інтенсифікації може стати активізація самостійної роботи студентів в умовах аудиторної й позааудиторной діяльності.
Цей навчальний посібник є першою частиною навчального комплексу “English for students of economics and law”, призначеного для самостійного вивчення англійської мови студентами першого курсу вищих економічних навчальних закладів і складеного згідно з вимогами навчальної програми з дисципліни «Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням» для підготовки бакалаврів з економіки і права.
Мета посібника полягає в розширенні та засвоєнні лексики з побутової, загальнокультурної, країнознавчої, загальноекономічної та загальноюридичної тематики, формуванні вміння працювати з автентичними текстами, удосконаленні вмінь і навичок активного використання навчального матеріалу в мовній діяльності з урахуванням комунікативних потреб майбутніх економістів та юристів.
Посібник передбачає вивчення п’ятнадцяти тематично спрямованих уроків, в яких розглядаються такі теми: «Подорожі», «У готелі», «Погода», «Їжа», «Покупки», «Географічне положення Великобританії та США», «Політична система Великобританії та США», «Система освіти у Великобританії та США», «Типи економічних систем», «Форми організації бізнесу», «Правоохоронні органи», «Обвинувачення».
Кожен з уроків включає автентичний тематичний текст, ключові терміни, список слів і словосполучень тематичного характеру, що підлягають активному засвоєнню, систему вправ, спрямованих на перевірку розуміння тексту, закріплення тематичної лексики, граматики, на розвиток усного та писемного професійно-тематичного мовлення.
Для якнайефективнішого засвоєння матеріалу посібник містить англо-український словник нових лексичних одиниць, розташованих за алфавітом, словник економічних та юридичних термінів, таблицю неправильних дієслів, які трапляються в текстах і вправах посібника, словник синонімів, граматичний довідник, ключі до окремих лексичних і граматичних вправ, тести на перевірку засвоєння лексичного, граматичного і тематичного матеріалу.
Структура навчального посібника та система вправ забезпечують ефективне засвоєння студентами необхідних знань і розвиток умінь і навичок професійної, усної та письмової комунікації.
Посібником може користуватися широке коло осіб, котрі опанували основи англійської мови, її нормативну граматику і мають запас загальновживаної лексики в межах 1000 – 1500 лексичних одиниць, студенти різних форм навчання, зокрема заочної та вечірньої, аспіранти, викладачі, усі, хто бажає вдосконалити свій рівень володіння англійською мовою.
ПРОГРАМА КУРСУ
Unit 1. Вивчення теми «Подорожі» (Travelling)
Вивчення граматичних тем: to be, there is, there are, to have, the Noun.
Переклад і переказ тексту ”Means of travelling”. Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III, IV*, V*, VI*, VII*, VIII*, IX, X*, XI*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. К.: Освіта, 1994. С. 9-10, 17-18.
Unit 2. Вивчення теми «У готелі» (At the hotel)
Вивчення граматичних тем: the Adjective, Infinitive, Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Hotel service”. Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI, VII, VIII*, IX*, X, XI).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 146 – 149.
Unit 3. Вивчення теми «Погода» (The weather)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Indefinite Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “About the weather”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II, III, IV, V*, VI, VII, VIII*, IX, X, XI*, XII, XIII, XIV, XV*, XVI*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 5 – 8, 11 – 17, 18 – 23.
Unit 4. Вивчення теми «Їжа» (Meals)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Continuous Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Meals in Britain and the USA”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III, IV, V*, VI, VII, VIII*, IX*, X, XI*, XII*, XIII*, XIV*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 23 – 30.
Unit 5. Вивчення теми «Покупки» (Shops and shopping)
Вивчення граматичних тем: the Adverb, Perfect Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Shopping in Britain”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II, III, IV, V, VI*, VII, VIII*, IX*, X, XI*, XII*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 30 – 39, 176 – 178.
Unit 6. Вивчення теми «Географічне положення Великобританії» (The geographical position of the United Kingdom)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Perfect Continuous Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “The United Kingdom”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III, IV*, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 40 – 44.
Unit 7. Вивчення теми «Географічне положення США» (The geographical position of the United States)
Повторення граматики (Revision).
Переклад і переказ тексту “One of the largest countries in the world”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V, VI, VII, VIII*, IX*, X, XI*, XII*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 133 – 146.
Unit 8. Вивчення теми «Політична система Великобританії» (The system of government in Britain)
Вивчення граматичних тем: the Passive Voice.
Переклад і переказ тексту “The state system of the United Kingdom”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II, III, IV, V*, VI*, VII, VIII*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 47 – 56.
Unit 9. Вивчення теми «Політична система США» (The system of government in the United States)
Вивчення граматичних тем: the Sequence of Tenses.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Indirect democracy”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III*, IV*, V, VI, VII*, VIII, IX*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 44 – 47.
Unit 10. Вивчення теми «Система освіти у Великобританії» (British education system)
Вивчення граматичних тем: the Indirect Speech.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Education in the United Kingdom”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III*, IV*, V, VI, VII, VIII*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 221 – 224.
Unit 11. Вивчення теми «Система освіти в США» (Education in the USA)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Modal Verbs can, could, be able to, may, might.
Переклад і переказ тексту “The education system in the USA”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I*, II*, III, IV, V, VI*, VII, VIII, IX*, X*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 67 – 74.
Unit 12. Вивчення теми «Типи економічних систем» (Economic systems)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Modal Verbs must, have to, be to, need.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Types of economic systems”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII*, IX*, X*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 74 – 77, 79 – 81, 83 – 84.
Unit 13. Вивчення теми «Форми організації бізнесу» (Forms of business organization)
Вивчення граматичних тем: Modal Verbs ought to, should, shall, will, would, dare.
Переклад і переказ тексту “Forms of business organization”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I, II*, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII*, IX*, X*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 77 – 79, 81 – 83, 84 – 85.
Unit 14. Вивчення теми «Правоохоронні органи» (Law enforcement agencies)
Повторення граматики (Revision).
Переклад і переказ тексту “Law enforcement agencies in Britain and the USA”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I*, II*, III, IV*, V*, VI*, VII*, VIII*, IX*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 272 – 280.
Unit 15. Вивчення теми «Обвинувачення» (Prosecution)
Повторення граматики (Revision).
Переклад і переказ тексту “The Crown Prosecution Service”.
Виконання вправ розділів Vocabulary exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV, V*, VI*, VII*), Activation exercises (I, II, III*, IV*, V*, VI*), Speech exercises (I, II,) Grammar exercises (I*, II*, III*, IV*, V*, VI*, VII*).
Додаткова література. Верба Г. В., Верба Л. Г. Довідник з граматики англійської мови. С. 280 – 286.
МЕТОДИЧНІ ПОРАДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕМ ПОСІБНИКА
Посібник написаний відповідно до програми з англійської мови для студентів першого курсу економічних і юридичних спеціальностей. Він містить 15 уроків, граматичний довідник, тести, англо-український словник, словник економічних і юридичних термінів. Курс розрахований як на аудиторну, так і на самостійну роботу, може використовуватися студентами заочної та вечірньої форм навчання.
Основою кожного уроку посібника є тематичний текст. Мета текстів полягає в засвоєнні навчально-пізнавальних тем. Крім цього, тексти є джерелом країнознавчих, політичних і економічних знань. Текст кожного уроку забезпечений коментарем (Vocabulary Notes). Крім текстів кожен урок включає нові лексичні одиниці та вправи, які поділяються на такі розділи: Before you Read, Readіng Tasks, Vocabulary Exercіses, Actіvatіon Exercіses, Speech Exercіses, Grammar Exercіses.
Розділ Before you Read містить ключові питання за темою уроку.
Розділ Readіng Tasks складається із вправи з питаннями за змістом тексту і вправи, що вимагає від студента висловити свою думку щодо окремих положень тексту.
Розділ Vocabulary Exercіses включає вправи, спрямовані на закріплення слів і словосполучень, що входять в активний словник уроку.
Розділ Actіvatіon Exercіses містить вправи, призначені для засвоєння деяких граматичних явищ і лексичного матеріалу.
* Варіант виконання вправи можна знайти в розділі “Keys”.
Розділ Speech Exercіses включає вправи, спрямовані на розвиток у студентів навичок усного мовлення (у монологічній і діалогічній формах) і передбачає вироблення уміння зв'язно, послідовно і логічно-правильно висловлюватись під час складання запропонованих у посібнику ситуацій, побудованих на активному лексико-граматичному матеріалі уроку.
Розділ Grammar Exercіses складається із вправ, спрямованих на відпрацьовування форм і правил уживання основних граматичних явищ, що входять у нормативний курс вузівської програми. Ці вправи в основному мають комунікативний характер і передбачають створення в студентів динамічного стереотипу у використанні найуживаніших граматичних конструкцій на основі широко застосовуваного мовного моделювання. Кожній вправі чи групі вправ на те саме граматичне явище в розділі Grammar Reference є правило-нагадування особливостей уживання даного явища.
Під час роботи з посібником рекомендується додержуватись визначеної послідовності. У кожному з уроків після виконання вправ розділу Before you read рекомендується переглянути завдання вправ розділу Readіng tasks, після чого братися до читання і перекладу тексту, знаходячи в ньому відповіді на питання згаданих раніше вправ. У процесі роботи над текстом рекомендується використовувати коментар після тексту розділу Vocabulary Notes, лексика якого закріплюється у вправах розділу Vocabulary Exercіses.
Після закріплення лексичних і граматичних явищ, що є в тексті уроку, та виконання вправ розділу Actіvatіon Exercіses, рекомендується братися до переказу тексту. Після того як текст прочитано, перекладено і переказано, рекомендується повернутися до виконання вправ розділу Readіng tasks, після чого можна переходити до виконання завдань розділу Speech Exercіses.
Вправи розділу Grammar Exercіses, що по можливості побудовані на лексиці уроку, можна виконувати одночасно із вправами інших розділів посібника. Однак перед їх виконанням варто переглянути правила граматики в розділі Grammar Reference, у якому є запропонований розподіл граматичного матеріалу за уроками.
Оскільки посібник призначено для самостійного вивчення дисципліни, у ньому міститься розділ Keys, де за потреби можна знайти правильні варіанти виконання найскладніших лексичних і граматичних вправ.
У першому семестрі бажано вивчити матеріал перших семи уроків посібника, чотири з яких на розсуд викладача є обов’язковими, а решта – додатковими. Після засвоєння матеріалу цих уроків рекомендується виконати перший тест, що складається з двох варіантів і призначається для студентів економічних і юридичних спеціальностей.
З наступних восьми уроків посібника уроки 8 – 13 призначені для студентів економічних спеціальностей, а уроки 8 – 11, 13 – 15 – для студентів юридичного факультету. Чотири уроки на розсуд викладача є обов’язковими, а решта – додатковими. Після вивчення матеріалу даних уроків рекомендується виконати другий тест, який складається з чотирьох варіантів. Варіанти перший і другий призначені для студентів-економістів, а третій і четвертий – для студентів юридичного факультету.
ПІДСУМКОВИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ЗНАНЬ СТУДЕНТІВ
Об'єктом підсумкового контролю знань студента є:
1) систематичність та активність роботи протягом семестру над вивченням програмного матеріалу дисципліни;
2) рівень виконання тестового завдання;
3) виконання завдань для самостійного опрацювання.
1. Систематичність та активність роботи студента протягом семестру оцінюється з максимальною оцінкою 20 балів. Вона базується на оцінюванні рівня знань студентів на практичних заняттях. Шкала оцінки становить: 20; 15; 10; 5; 0 балів. 20 балів студент може одержати за виконання завдань чотирьох уроків, вибраних на розсуд викладача.
Оцінка кожного уроку проходить за шкалою: 5; 0 балів.
2. З курсу “Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням” передбачається виконання одного тестового завдання за семестр. Тестове завдання складається з виконання лексико-граматичних завдань і перекладу за матеріалами розмовних тем, рекомендованих до вивчення протягом семестру.
Тестове завдання оцінюється за шкалою: 10; 5; 0 балів.
3. Виконання завдань для самостійного опрацювання складається з опанування додаткових уроків, вибраних на розсуд викладача.
Завдання для самостійного опрацювання оцінюються за шкалою: 10; 5; 0 балів.
UNIT 1
TRAVELLING
BEFORE YOU READ
Answer these questions
1. Have you ever travelled to see other countries and continents? Where to?
2. What ways of travelling do you prefer? Why?
READING TASKS
A. Understanding main points
Read the text below about ways of travelling and answer the questions, beginning your answers with the following phrases: as a rule …; to tell the truth …; as far as I know …; the matter is that …; as far as I remember …; as far as I am concerned …; frankly/strictly speaking …; to make a long story short … .
1. Why do millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling?
2. Where do people who live in the country and city dwellers like to go? Why?
3. What way of travelling is the fastest and the most convenient one? Why?
4. What is the procedure of booking seats on a flight to your destination?
5. What information can the travel agent give you?
6. What is the passenger supposed to do at the airport?
7. When are passengers invited to board the plane and take their seats?
8. What are the duties of the stewardess?
9. Why is travelling by plane unpleasant for many people? What helps them?
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by train?
B. Understanding details
Mark the statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Give your reason using the following phrases: as a matter of fact ...; I don't think so …; I'm of the same opinion …; in my opinion …; on the contrary …; strictly speaking ...; to my mind ... .
1. Millions of people travel to see the ruins of ancient towns.
2. Those people who live in the country like a quiet holiday in the mountains.
3. City dwellers usually go to a big city, spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants.
4. Speed is a very important factor for many people.
5. Whenever you want to go somewhere by plane you shouldn’t book a seat on a flight to your destination beforehand, you can do it on board the plane.
6. Before boarding the plane, you should have your luggage registered and weighed.
7. Nowadays there is no need for the passengers to go through the security check where their hand luggage is checked.
8. The pilots greet the passengers and show them to their seats.
9. When the plane takes off, one of the pilots gives the passengers all the information about the flight.
10. The railway transport is one of the most expensive ways of travelling.
11. Modern trains have sleeping cars and dining cars, which make even the longest journey enjoyable.
12. Travelling by sea is the most unpopular way of travelling.
13. The advantages of travelling by car are that you can stop wherever you wish and spend at any place as much time as you like.
WAYS OF TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, and to listen to different musical rhythms. Those, who live in the country, like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea, or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk, bathe and laze in the sun.
People travel by train, by plane, by boat, by coach, by motorcycle and by car. For most people, speed is a very important factor when they are travelling. They want to reach their destination as quickly as possible. Travelling by plane is the fastest and the most convenient way. When you reach your place of destination in a few hours you realize all the advantages of travelling by air.
Whenever you want to go somewhere by plane you should book a seat on a flight to your destination for a certain date. You may book a single, return or open return ticket. When booking a ticket you should mention what class you are going to travel: first, business or economy class. You may ask the travel agent what time the coach leaves the airport terminal for the airport and what is the latest time of check-in at the airport.
Before boarding the plane, you should register your luggage at a check-in desk. Here you are required to have your luggage weighed, and then a uniformed attendant attaches a special label to it and gives you a boarding pass. There is no need to worry about your luggage any longer. It will be put in the luggage compartment of the plane. If your luggage weighs more than allowed, you are supposed to pay for the additional weight. Then you must go through the security check where your hand luggage is checked.
Before the flight you have to spend some time at the airport. You may wait in the departure lounge. Then you hear your flight announced, and the passengers are invited to board the plane and take their seats. The announcer says when and at what gate your flight is boarding, or he/she may announce a delay of your flight. It often happens that a delay of a flight is due to adverse weather conditions. In this case you can obtain a voucher for refreshments. These vouchers are accepted at the cafeteria, and you can have your meal free of charge till you hear the announcement that your flight is boarding.
The stewardess greets the passengers and shows them to their seats. The airplane armchairs are very cosy, and they are equipped with safety belts, which must be fastened during both take off and landing. Sometimes the order to fasten the belts may be given during the flight.
When the plane takes off, the stewardess gives the passengers all the information about the flight, the speed and the altitude at which the plane will be flying. She asks the passengers to fasten seat belts and not to smoke during the flight. Then she offers them some mineral water, lemonade and sweets. The stewardesses are usually very amiable and cater for the passengers' wants and needs. If you want anything during the flight, you are to press a button with a pictogram of a stewardess, and she will immediately come to your help. During the flight the passengers do whatever they like. Some of them read, others sleep, chat or look through the porthole at the beautiful scenery. The plane occasionally sways very gently up and down or from side to side, giving the scene of a strangely unreal quality. Sometimes you can see the land below. It looks like a topographical map. For many people the only unpleasant thing about that kind of travelling is that during take off and landing their ears hurt a little. They usually chew a gum to relieve this little discomfort. Sometimes yawning and swallowing help.
Although we all agree that the future belongs to air transport but the railway transport is still one of the most popular and the cheapest ways of travelling. Travelling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Modern trains have sleeping cars and dining cars, which make even the longest journey enjoyable. There are also some disadvantages of travelling by train. Trains stop at many stations and are often delayed. It is usually stuffy in the cars. That is why it is better to travel in compartment cars, which have two or four comfortable berths.
Travelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. One may travel either by sea or by river on board a seagoing liner or a river cruise ship. On board large ships and small riverboats people can visit foreign countries and different places of interest within their own country. A sea voyage is very pleasant. However, if the sea is rough, some passengers are seasick. If you are not a poor sailor you won’t be afraid of the rough sea, you can walk up and down the deck in any weather but storm. Ships usually reach the port of destination on time according to their schedule.
Many people prefer travelling by car. It is very convenient and it is becoming very popular nowadays. The advantages of this way of travelling are that you can plan your trip. You needn't reserve your tickets. You are not afraid of missing your train or airplane. You needn't carry heavy suitcases. You can stop wherever you wish and spend at any place as much time as you like.
Vocabulary notes
destination, n. – пункт призначення; fіnal/ultіmate destіnatіon – кінцевий пункт призначення; іnland destіnatіon – місце призначення (усередині країни); seaboard destіnatіon – прибережний пункт призначення.
ticket, n. – квиток; aіr/plane tіcket – квиток на літак; baggage tіcket – багажна квитанція; economy tіcket – авіаквиток другого класу; fіrst-class tіcket – квиток першого класу; raіlway tіcket – залізничний квиток; return/round trіp tіcket – зворотний квиток; sіngle tіcket – квиток на проїзд в одному напрямку.
airport terminal, n. – аеровокзал; freіght termіnal – вантажна станція; marіne termіnal – причал для морських суден; passenger termіnal – велика пасажирська станція; prіvate termіnal – приватний причал.
airport, n. – аеропорт; alternate aіrport – запасний аеропорт; commercіal aіrport – комерційний аеропорт; customs aіrport – митний аеропорт; domestіc aіrport – внутрішній аеропорт; іnternatіonal aіrport – міжнародний аеропорт; passenger aіrport – пасажирський аеропорт; transfer aіrport – транзитний аеропорт.
luggage, n. – багаж; excess luggage – надмір багажу; free luggage – багаж, що провозиться безкоштовно; hand luggage – ручна поклажа; left luggage offіce – камера схову багажу; luggage compartment – багажне відділення.
landing, n. – посадка; crash/emergency/forced landіng – вимушена посадка; soft landіng – плавна посадка.
speed, n. – швидкість; at full speed – на повній швидкості; average speed – середня швидкість; low/slow speed – мала швидкість; top speed – максимальна швидкість; to cut speed – знижувати швидкість.
seat belt, n. – ремінь безпеки; to fasten seat belts – пристебнути ремені безпеки.
train, n. – поїзд; commuter traіn – приміський поїзд; dіrect/through traіn – прямий поїзд; express traіn – кур'єрський поїзд; extra traіn – додатковий поїзд; fast traіn – швидкий поїзд; freіght/goods traіn – товарний поїзд; local traіn – місцевий поїзд; relіef traіn – поїзд поза розкладом; stoppіng traіn – пасажирський поїзд.
passenger, n. – пасажир; through passenger – транзитний пасажир; to carry passengers – перевозити пасажирів; to embark/to pіck up/to take on passengers – приймати пасажирів.
car, n. – вагон; compartment car – купейний вагон; dіnіng car – вагон-ресторан; goods car – товарний вагон; maіl car – поштовий вагон; passenger car – пасажирський вагон; raіlway car – залізничний вагон; sleepіng car – спальний вагон; traіler car – причіпний вагон.
ship, n. – корабель; судно; cargo/freіght shіp – вантажне судно; merchant/tradіng shіp – торгове судно; ocean-goіng shіp – океанське судно; seagoіng shіp – морське судно.
Vocabulary exercises
I. Match these terms with their definitions
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1. airport |
a) a belt attached to the seat of a car or plane which you fasten around yourself for protection in an accident. |
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2. airport terminal |
b) a large boat used for carrying people or goods across the sea. |
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3. car |
c) a large building at an airport where passengers wait to get on planes. |
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4. destination |
d) a place where planes take off and land, with buildings for passengers to wait in. |
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5. landing |
e) a printed piece of paper which shows that you have paid to enter a cinema, travel on a bus, plane etc. |
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6. luggage |
f) a set of several carriages that are connected to each other and pulled along a railway line by an engine. |
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7. passenger |
g) one of the parts of a train where passengers sit. |
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8. seat belt |
h) someone who is travelling in a vehicle, plane, boat etc. |
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9. ship |
i) the action of bringing an aircraft down to the ground after being in the air. |
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10. speed |
j) the cases, bags, boxes etc. carried by someone who is travelling. |
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11. take-off |
k) the place that someone or something is going to. |
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12. ticket |
l) the rate at which something moves or travels. |
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13. train |
m) the time when a plane leaves the ground and begins to fly. |