- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •I. Введение
- •Указания по работе с текстами для самостоятельной работы дома (10 тыс. Знаков).
- •I семестр Outside Sources of Financing
- •Vocabulary
- •Short-term financing
- •Long-term financing
- •1. Short-term financing is money that will be used for one year or less and then repaid.
- •Answer the questions:
- •Accounting General definition of accounting
- •The basis for the accounting process
- •A balance sheet
- •An income statement
- •The importance of the above two statements
- •1.General definition of accounting
- •2. The basis for the accounting process
- •3. A balance sheet
- •4. An income statement
- •5. The importance of the above two statements
- •Answer the questions:
- •In other words, the management is the process of coordinating the resources of an organization to achieve the primary organizational goals.
- •Questions to the text:
- •Forms of business in the usa Active vocabulary
- •Questions to the text:
- •Is the record-keeping and report-filing so necessary for sole traders in the usa?
- •Forms of Business Ownership Active vocabulary
- •III семестр Text 1. Currency and Other Forms of Exchange
- •In which two ways might a creditor who needed the money dispose of a Bill? Text 2. Depositing Money with a Bank
- •Questions on the text
- •In what circumstances an overdraft on current account is permissible?
- •Text 4. Bank Investments
- •In general the banks do not lend to industry for long periods of time or for investment projects. They regard themselves as providing working capital rather than fixed capital.
- •Assets and Liabilities
- •Bookkeeping as Part of Accounting Cycle Active vocabulary
- •Accounting Information Active vocabulary
- •Questions to the text:
- •Специальность мен, гму IV семестр (6-летки) the manager's role /3 000 3hak0b/
- •Decision-making /4 000 знаков/
- •In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
- •Traditional economies
- •Market economies
- •2. Freedom of choice and enterprise.
- •4. Competition.
- •5. Markets and prices.
- •Command Economies
- •Mixed Economies
- •Notes to the text:
- •Inflow (out flow) приток (отлив, отток)
- •If the company is doing badly and the shareholders sell their shares they get…
- •If there is a regular inflow of receipts from sales and regular outflow of payment for expenses … corporate finance
- •Notes to the text:
- •Interest on bond has to be paid out …
- •Why finance?
- •I. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
- •In financing business operation, a company relies almost entirely on short-term financing.
- •The Balance Sheet
- •What is accounting?
- •In 1440s they were ... Who developed accounting further as a result of information needs.
- •In the 19th century managers had to develop accounting systems ...
- •Accounting
- •Notes to the text
- •Vocabulary Exercise
- •Bookkeepers, accountants and controllers
- •Notes to the text:
- •Auditor and their report
- •Notes to the text:
- •Sole Proprietorship
- •Corporation
- •Large Corporations in the usa
- •Corporate Finance
- •What Special Problems Face Small Business
- •Starting-up Financing
- •3 Семестр additional material banks and financial intermediaries
- •In the form of checking accounts, savings accounts, or other types of bank deposits.
- •Commercial banking
- •Types of banks
- •Bank of england
- •Additional Material
- •4 Семестр managing in future
- •Financial statements
- •Bookkeping
- •What is accounting
- •The development of accounting thought
- •The profession of an accountant in the usa
- •Accounting industry in the usa
- •Bookkepping as part of accounting
- •Modern accounting system
- •1. Goods and services
- •2. Resources
- •3. Households
- •4. Markets
- •The role of government
- •The role of government (to be continued)
- •The mixed economy
- •In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of private goods such as steel or motor cars. Examples of this in the uk include nationalized industries such as steel and coal.
- •Can inflation be beneficial?
- •Market Economy (1400)
- •Mixed Economies (500)
- •Содержание:
Bookkeepers, accountants and controllers
Bookkeepers deal in taxes, cash flow, which includes cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company.
Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures – in the books of original entry, or Journals. At the end of a period usually a month – the totals of each book of original entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger. The Ledger shows all the expenditures and all the totals of each account in the Ledger. The bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial Balances are usually drawn up every quarter.
The accountant’s responsibility is to analyze and interpret the data in the Ledger and the Trial Balance.
The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. In the USA the certified accountants are called certified public accountants. But it is not necessary to have a certificate to practice accounting. Junior employees in large companies, for example, often practice accounting and then take examinations. The chief accounting officer of a large company is the Controller, or Comptroller.
Controllers are responsible for measuring the company’s performance. They interpret the results of the operations, plan and recommend future action. This position is very close to the top executives of the company.
Notes to the text:
chartered accountant бухгалтер, бухгалтер-эксперт, аудитор
(certified public accountant, Am.)
book бухгалтерская книга
entry бухгалтерская запись, проводка
to post переносить в главную бухгалтерскую книгу
ledger главная книга
earnings доходы
Trial balance пробный баланс
Complete according to the text:
Bookkeepers deal in …
Bookkeepers record …
The Ledger shows …
Trial balance are drawn up by … every …
The accountant is to …
Certified accountants in England are called ….
Certified accountants in the USA are called ….
Junior employees …
The chief accounting officer of a large company is …
Controllers are … and they …
This position is very close to …
Auditor and their report
Auditors are usually independent certified accountants who review the financial record of a company. These reviews are called audits. They are usually performed at fixed intervals – quarterly, semiannually or annually. Auditors are employed either regularly or on a part-time basis. Some large companies maintain a continuous internal audit by their own accounting departments. These auditors are called internal auditors.
Not so many years ago the presence of an auditor suggested that a company was having financial difficulties or that irregularities had been discovered in the records. Currently, however, outside audits are a normal and regular part of business practice.
Auditors see that current transactions are recorded promptly and completely. Their duty is to reduce the possibility of misappropriation, to identify mistakes or detect fraudulent transactions. Then they are usually requested to propose solutions for these problems.
Thus auditors review financial records and report to the management on the current state of the company’s fiscal affairs in the form of Auditor’s Report or Auditor’s Opinion.