Unit 14

Theme: PROBLEMS OF OUR PLANET

Texts: 1. Environmental Pollution. 2. Radiation.

Dialogues: 1. Drugs Addiction. 2. Youth Problems.

Grammar Revision

Test 14

EXERCISE 1. Read, translate, and study the use of the new words to read and discuss the texts and dialogues:

1) to pollute, environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their sur­roundings.

2) smoke. People dirty the air with gasses and smoke.

3) to poison. People poison the water with chemicals and other sub­stances.

4) to damage. People damage the soil.

5) fertilizer, pesticide. People damage the soil with too many fertiliz­ers and pesticides.

6) to scatter rubbish and litter. People ruin natural beauty by scatter­ing rubbish and litter on the land and in the water.

7) a vehicle, motor vehicle. They operate motor vehicles.

8) noise. Motor vehicles fill the air with the noise.

9) to cause. It causes global warming.

10) disastrous. It causes global warming, destruction of the ozone lay­er, and other disastrous processes.

11) to harm. Air, water, and soil are harmed by pollution.

12) the survival. Air, water, and soil are necessary to the survival of all living things.

13) an illness. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death.

14) to reduce. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing crops.

15) ugliness. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our nat­urally beautiful world.

16) to benefit. The pollution problem is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people.

17) exhaust. Exhaust from cars pollutes the air.

18) a percentage. Exhaust from cars causes a large percentage of all air pollution.

19) to discharge. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water.

20) а croр. Fertilizers are important aids for the growing of crops.

21) immediately. People can't reduce the pollution immediately.

22) gradually. People can gradually reduce the pollution.

23) to lessen. Scientists and engineers should work to find the ways to lessen the amount of pollution.

24) to enforce. Governments should enforce laws that require enterpris­es and individuals to stop or to reduce certain polluting activities.

25) invisible. Radiation is an invisible pollutant.

26) waste. Nuclear radiation comes from nuclear power plants, includ­ing waste from nuclear weapons testing.

27) weapons, nuclear weapons. Nuclear radiation comes from nuclear weapons testing.

28) X-ray machines. Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic devices, including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, TV sets, and X-ray machines.

29) to determine, to influence. Scientists have not determined exactly what effect small amounts of radiation influence people.

30) cancer. Radiation can cause cancer.

31) exposure. Exposure to large amounts of radiation can cause cancer.

32) a cell. Exposure to large amounts of radiation can cause harmful changes in reproductive cells.

33) to ban. International agreements ban most testing of nuclear weap­ons in the atmosphere.

34) to eliminate. Scientists are studying the ways to eliminate the amount of radioactive waste.

35) to devote. This text is devoted to the environmental problems.

36) drugs, drugs addiction. The TV program was devoted to drags ad­diction of the people, how it can ruin the lives of the people.

37) except. The need for a drag may become so great that nothing matters except getting more drags.

38) perception. Drags only change the brain's perception of difficul­ties and problems.

39) crime. Many drag users turn to crime to support their habit.

40) abuse. Drags abuse is one of the problems of the humanity nowa­days.

41) unemployment. There is a problem of unemployment.

EXERCISE 2. Read the international words and mind the stress:

gas, 'substance, 'pesticide, 'nature, 'problem, 'ozone, 'process, radi'ation, test, com'puter, 'laser, ma'chine, effect, 'atmosphere, 'pro­gram, 'person, 'student, uni'versity, club, 'music, 'radio, tra'dition.

EXERCISE 3. a) Translate, analyze the following words with differ-suffixes, and divide them into two groups: nouns and adjectives:

environmental, pollution, substance, fertilizer, various, natural, serious, global, destruction, disastrous, illness, available, ugliness, beautiful, percentage, transportation, important, scientists, government, dangerous, active, electromagnetic, radiation, electronic, computer, exposure, harmful, reproductive, international, agreement, regulation;

b) Make up as many words as you can by combining different parts of the word:

iter-	ill	-ness
un-	natural	-ment
	govern	-ful
	danger	-al
	harm	-ous
	nation
	agree

c) The word in capitals at the end of the following sentences should be changed to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space:

1. .... meeting of young people is traditional NATION.

2. Radiation is a ... invisible pollutant DANGER.

3. Radiation causes ... and even death ILL.

4. Great amounts of radiation are ... for the health HARM.

5.... polluted air can cause illness BAD.

EXERCISE 4. a) Try to match up the adjectives in column A with the nouns in column В to form meaningful phrases:

A	В
1. various	a) ways
2. environmental	b) beauty
3. serious ,	c) warming
4. radioactive	d) world
1 5. disastrous	e) processes
I 6. nuclear	f) pollutant
7. natural	g) pollution
8. global	h) weapons
9. dangerous	i) substance
10. beautiful	j) problem

b) Decide which of the verbs on the left collocate with the nouns on the right:

1. to pollute ... a) the soil

2. to poison ... b) the vehicle

3. to damage ... c) pollution

4. to kill... d) the air

5. to ruin ... e) the water

6. to cause ... f) crops

7. to grow ... g) the destruction

8. to operate ... h) fish

9. to provide ... i)jobs

10. to reduce ... j) the beauty

EXERCISE 5. Translate the-following word combinations. Pay atten­tion to the prepositions:

to dirty the air with gases, to poison the water with chemicals, in var­ious ways, on the land, in the water, to fill the air with noise, one of the problems, destruction of the ozone layer, harmed by pollution, pollution of soil, for growing crops, brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world, from cars, for millions of people, job for people, for the growing of crops, the amount of pollution, from radioactive substances, from nuclear weap­ons, are produced by a variety of electronic devices, exposure to large amounts, in reproductive cells, in the atmosphere.

EXERCISE 6. a) Translate the following definitions of the words:

1. A vehicle is something in or on which people or goods can be car­ried from one place to another, such as a car, bicycle, bus, etc.

2. A fertilizer is a natural or chemical substance that is put into the soil to make crops grow better.

3. A pesticide is a chemical substance used to kill small animals or insects that harm the crops.

4. A cancer is an illness which may cause death.

5. To scatter means to spread widely in all directions by throwing.

b) The following words also appear in the texts and dialogues; match each one with its correct definition:

waste, noise, illness, smoke, unemployment

1. the number of people without work in a group or society;

2. used, damaged, or unwanted substance;

3. sound, especially unwanted or meaningless unmusical sound;

4. unhealthy state of the body or mind;

5. usually white, grey, or black gas produced by things burning.

EXERCISE 7. Read and translate the proverbs (пословицы) to prac­tice the use of the verbs:

1. I thought they were hand and glove. 2.1 knew that by asking one would come to Rome. 3. He laughs best who laughs last. 4. The tree is known by its fruit. 5. Short visits make long friends. 6. Everything comes to him who waits. 7. Never put off tomorrow what you can do today. 8. An appleе a day keeps the doctor away. 9. He that never climbed never fell. 10. Better to do well than to say well. 11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 12. It is never too late to learn. 13. Burn not your house to rid it of the mouse. 14. To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth. 15. Seeing is believing. 16. Saying is one thing, and doing is another. 17. Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming. 18. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself. 19. Easier said than done. 20. Keep your mouth shut and your ears widely open. 21. Lost time is never found again. 22. Rome was not built in a day. 23. Long absent — soon forgotten. 24. An earlier riser is sure to be in luck. 25. Strike the iron while it is hot. 26. It would be better to promise little, but to do much.

EXERCISE 8. Transform these sentences according to the models to practice the use of the verbals:

a) Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.

1. Reading is enjoying. 2. Saying is one thing, and doing is another. 3. Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming.

b) I thought they were hand and glove. I thought them to be hand and glove.

1. I thought the air was polluted. 2.1 thought environmental pollution was one of the most serious problems. 3. I thought environmental pollution caused global warming.

EXERCISE 9. Fill in the blanks with the proper grammar forms of the verb; the verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence:

1. Air, water, and soil are known ... necessary to the survival of all liv­ing things (to be). 2. They say people ... the air with gases and smoke (to dirty). 3. The doctor said that badly polluted air ...cause illness (can). 4. Nuclear radiation... from radioactive substances (to come). 5. He said that polluted water ... fish (to kill).

EXERCISE 10. a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) Environmental Pollution is a Complicated Problem 2) What is Environmental Pollution? 3) How to Reduce Environmental Pollution 4) Environmental Pollution is a Serious Problem

b) Make a précis of the text, using the following phrases:

1) The title of the text is... 2) The text is about... The text deals with... 3) The text covers such points as... 4) It should be underlined that... 5) In conclusion, I may say that... 6) To my mind... In my opinion...