Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

ɢɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ

Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ Ɍɷɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɑɭɫɚɧ ɜ ɭɟɡɞɟ ɑɢɫɚɧɞɨɧ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɨɪɺɧ

ȼ ɝ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɨɬɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨ ɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ʉɚɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɫɬɚɜɲɢɦ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɡɚɛɵɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ Ʉɚɹ ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ Ɍɪɟɯ ɤɨ ɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ Ɍɪɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɋɚɦɝɭɤ ɫɚɝɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ʉɨɪɺ -1392 ɝɝ Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ

ɭɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɥɚɫɤɢɟ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɵ ɫɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɱɬɨ Ʉɚɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɋɚɪɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ Ʉɨɪɺɫɫɤɢɟ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Ɍɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɲɟɥ ɜ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ȼ XVII ɜɟɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɧɚ

ɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɇɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ əɩɨɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ

ɜɟɫɬɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɚ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɚɧɧɟɤɫɢɸ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ʉɚɹ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ I ɜ ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɝ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ

51

Ɍɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɗɬɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɨ ɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɧɧɟɤɫɢɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɜ ɝɝ

Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ Ʉɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɜ -ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɨ ɩɨ-

ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɨ ɫɬɚ ɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɏɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨ ɝɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ Ʉɚɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ əɩɨ ɧɢɢ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ Ʉɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧ ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜɡɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɉɷɤɱɟ

Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɉɨɡɞɧɢɟ Ɍɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ (668 935 ɝɝ ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɱɚɝɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ -ɯ ɥɟɬ VII ɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɥɨ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɢ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɢ ɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɥ

ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɫɶ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɜ VII-VIII ɜɟɤɚɯ ɲɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧ ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɷɬɧɨɫɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɱɭ ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɛɵɜɲɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɚ ɥɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɦɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞ ɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ Ʉɵɦɫɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɟɥɶ ɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɢ ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɥɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠ ɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɛɵɜ ɲɢɟ ɤɨɝɭɪɺɫɰɵ ɩɷɤɱɟɫɰɵ ɢ ɫɢɥɥɚɫɰɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ ɤ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɪɺ ɝɝ

52

Ɋɢɫ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɉɚɪɯɷ

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ȼɵɥɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟ ɦɢɹ Ʉɭɤɯɚɤ ɝ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɸ ɨɛɳɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ

Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦ ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɚɤ ɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɨɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ Ʉɵɦɫɨɧɚ Ɇɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ ɉɭɥɶɝɭɤɫɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ȼɭɞɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɳɟɪ ɧɵɣ ɯɪɚɦ ɋɨɤɤɭɪɚɦ Ȼɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɳɟɪɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ

53

ɫɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ȼ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵ ɪɹɯ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ ɪɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɢ ɬ ɞ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚ ɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɢ

ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ IX ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏ ɜɜ ɜ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɜɟ

ɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɋ ɋ Ʉɭɪɛɚɧɨɜɚ ɫ -

ɬɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ

x ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɚ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɶɢɯ ɪɚɧɝɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɫ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɩɨ ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ

x ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨ ɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ

x ȼɨɡɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɫɨ ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɨɝɵɩ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ

x Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɟɝɥɵɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɫɨ ɛɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɨɪɭ ɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɹɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɬɚɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ

x ɇɟɭɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ Ʉɵɦɫɨɧɚ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬɝɨɪɨ

ɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɯɪɟɛɬɨɦ ɋɨɛɷɤ ɤɨ

54

ɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɢɝɪɚɥ ɪɨɥɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɉɷɤɱɟ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɢ Ʉɚɹ

ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚ ɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɝɞɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ

ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɬ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɝɨɫɭ ɞɚɪɫɬɜ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬ Ʌɹɨɞɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɸɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ əɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ

ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ IX-X ɜɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɝ ɢ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɝ

ȼ ɝ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɸ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɜɚɧɭ Ʉɭɧɴɟ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ȼɚɧ Ƚɨɧ Ɉɧ ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɜ Ʉɨɪɺ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

ɉɚɪɯɷ (698 ɝɝ. ȼ ɝ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɨɬ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬ ɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɛɵɜɲɟɣ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɇɚɧɧɚɧ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɢ ɉɭɺ ɟɳɟ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺɞɨ ɝ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɝ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱥɧɶɞɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɉɚɪɯɷɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ȼɨɯɚɣ

ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɠɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɭɧɝɭɫɨ-ɦɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɍɠɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ -9 ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɤ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ

55

Ɋɢɫ Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ Ʌ ȼ Ɂɚɞɜɟɪɧɸɤ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ

ɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɟɡɞɚ 6 ɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɚ

56

Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹ ɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɶɝɚɥɶ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɯɷ ɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɨɝɭɪɺɫɰɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɵ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ

ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɉɚɪɯɷ Ȼɨɯɚɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɪɟɤɢ Ɍɷɞɨɧɝɚɧ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ

ɱɚɫɬɶ Ɇɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ Ⱥɦɭɪɚ ɪɟɤ ɋɭɧɝɚɪɢ ɢ ɍɫɫɭɪɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɪ Ⱥɦɭɪ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɸɝɚ ɏɚɛɚ ɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɑɯɨɥɢɛɭ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝ ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɚ

ɉɚɪɯɷ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɚɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ Ʉɢɬɚɸ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɸɠɧɨɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɚ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɩɹɬɢɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɐɟɧ ɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɘɠɧɚɹ ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɚ ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɢɧ ɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɨɛɥɚ ɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɟɡɞɵ ɋɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɫ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɚɦɵ ɦɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ȼɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɠɚɥ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ

Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɟ ɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɯɷɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɂɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɟɡɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟ ɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ

ɉɚɪɯɷ ɜ VII IX ɜɟɤɚɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟ

ɦɭ ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɂɞɟɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɯɷɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɢ ɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ɍɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɑɚɧɴɚɧɶ Ɉɬ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ

Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɯɷɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɟɡɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ

ɑɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɯɷɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭ ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɱɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɩɚɥɨ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢ ɞɚɧɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ʌɹɨ

57

ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɭɳɟ ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɝ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ʉɨɪɺ ɜɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɝɭɪɺɫɰɟɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɨɫɨɧɰɟɜ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɨɫɭ ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ʉɨ ɝɭ ɪɺ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɚɦɢ

3 ɗɩɨɯɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɝɝ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɜ ɜ ɝ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ʉɨɪɺ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ȼɚɧ Ƚɭɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ȼɡɹɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨ ɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɢ ɭɛɪɚɜ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮ ɨɧ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɞɚɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ Ʉɨɪɺ ȼ ɝ ȼɚɧ Ƚɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɨɧɚɤ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ Ʉɷɫɨɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ʉɷɝɺɧ ɋɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɍɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɚ ɟɳɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɜ ɝ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɨ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɝ ɜ Ʉɨɪɺ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɢ ɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɭɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɫɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɞɚɧɟɣ ȼɚɧ Ƚɭɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ ɡɟɦɥɢ Ʉɨɪɺ ȿɳɟ ɜ 918 ɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɑɯɨɧɧɢ ɑɚɧɫɨɧ ɋɬɟɧɚ ɜ 1000 ɥɢ9 ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɜɲɚɹ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ȼɚɧ Ƚɭɧ

ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ Ʉɨɪɺ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ ɪɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɪɹɞ ɪɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɥɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ

9 Ʌɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ

ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ȼ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɦ

58

ɇɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɧ ɫɦɨɝ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɭ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨ ɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɱɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ȼ ɝ ɨɧ ɭɦɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɨɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ɍɯɷɱɠɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɩɪɟ ɞɨɤ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ Ʉɨɪɟɣɰɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɨɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ

ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɱɠɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɰɡɭ ɜ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɵɯ ɢɦɟɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɩɟ ɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɫɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ ɧɢɟ ɜɚɧ10.

ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭ ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ȼ ɝ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ Ʉɜɚɧɱɠɨɧ ɜɜɟɥ ɫɬɪɨ ɝɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɶɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɢɤɨɜ ɋɞɚɱɚ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɡɚ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ Ɉɛɴ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢ ɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɥɢɹ ɧɢɟ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ Ʉɷɝɺɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɨɝɺɧ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɉɯɟɧɶɹɧ ɛɵɜɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɇɚɦɝɺɧ ɘɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ əɧɱɠɭ ɛɵɜɲɚɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɢ Ɍɨɧɝɺɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɄɺɧɱɠɭ ɛɵɜɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɋɢɥɥɚ

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ 22 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ Ʉɷɝɺɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ

ɘɠɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɭɟɡɞɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ȼɞɨɥɶ ɬɪɚɫɫ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɝɞɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɱɟɜɚɬɶ ɋɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɦ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɨɞɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ɋɟɤɨɧ

10 ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ Ʉɨɪɺ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ

ɘɚɧɶ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɱɠɨɧ ɤɢɬ ɰɡɭɧ ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɪɟ ɞɨɤ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ

60