Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

Ɋɢɫ Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ 936 ɝɝ

ɋɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɜ ɤɦ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɇɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥ ɜ VII XII ɜɟɤɚɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɋɢɥɥɵ (668 918 ɝɝ . ȼ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɚɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ

ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ Ʉɭɤɯɚɤ ɝ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɞɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ

Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɛɥɚ ɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ

ɨɛɧɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨ ɪɨɧɟ ɑɟɬɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɠɢɥɢ ɳɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɦɵ

Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɟɛɬɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭ

101

ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɛɢɬ ɩɪɭɞ ɫ ɠɢɜɨ ɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɦɢ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟ ɫɬɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɚɨɫɫɤɢɯ Ȼɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ

Ɋɢɫ ɉɟɤɢɧ ɉɥɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɛɟɫɟɞɤɢ ɫ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ ɇɚɧ ɯɚɣ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ

ȼ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɢ ɪɭɱɶɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɭɞɨɦ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɥɢ ɢɞɟɸ ɨ ɫɬɨɹɱɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɫɟɞɤɢ ɫ ɪɭɱɶɟɦ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɭɬɢ Ⱦɚɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨ ɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɜ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɭɱɶɹ ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɭɱɶɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɞɭ ɫ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɱɚɲɚ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɥɵɥɚ ɩɨ ɪɭɱɶɸ ɤɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɢɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ -ɤɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɢɧɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥ

ɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɫɧɸ

102

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚ ɥɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ

ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ Ɉɫ ɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɤ VIII ɜɟɤɭ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ɍɚɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ-

ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɝɨ ɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ VIII ɜɟɤɚ

ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ VII ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ

ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɥɚɝɲɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ - ɦ

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ Ⱥ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɵ ɇɚɦɫɚɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 80 ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ Ȼɭɞɞɵ ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟ ɉɭɧɯɜɚɧɫɚ ɛɵɜɲɚɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɦ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɣ ɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɚɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɹɪɭɫɚ

103

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɮɥɚɝɲɬɨɤɚ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫ VII ɜɟɤɚ ɨɩɨɪɵ

ɮɥɚɝɲɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɝɨɞɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɉɭɧɯɜɚɧɫɚ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɚɝɨɞɵ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɉɭɧɯɜɚɧɫɚ

Ɋɢɫ Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɝ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ

104

ȼ VIII ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɜɡɹɥ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ

Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɫɟɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ ɧɢɸ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɣ Ȼɭɞɞɵ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɬɶɸ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ

ɋɚɦɵɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɯɪɚɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɯɪɚɦ ɏɜɚɧɧɺɧɫɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɢɦ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 72500 ɤɜ ɦ Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡ

ɪɭɲɟɧ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɝɝ ɧɨ ɜ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɛɚɡɵ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ.

Ɋɢɫ Ȼɚɲɧɹ ɑɨɦɫɨɧɞɷ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɵ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɹ ȼ ɝ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ ɋɨɧɞɨɤ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɚɹ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ȼɚɲɧɹ Ɂɜɟɡɞ ɑɨɦ ɫɨɧɞɷ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɣɲɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɫɬ ɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɢɦ ɝɨɪɥɵɲɤɨɦ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟ ɬɨɞɭ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ

ȼ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɟ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɮɭɧ ɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ 12-ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɫɬɪɨ

105

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜɤɥɸ ɱɚɹ ɩɶɟɞɟɫɬɚɥ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹɦ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɧɧɨ-ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɹ ɢ ɬ ɞ ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɚɲɧɟ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ

ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɥɭɧɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɟ

ȼ XVI ɜɟɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ʉɟɧɱɠɭ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧ ɹɩɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ VII ɜɟɤɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ

ɜɚɥɫɹ ȼ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɛɵɥɨɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ

Ɋɢɫ Ɋɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɝ

Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸ

106

ɳɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɀɢɥɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨ ɯɪɚɧɹɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡ ɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ

ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɜ ɸɝɨ- ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ʉɺɧɫɚɧ-ɩɭɤɬɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɩɨ-

ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɚɞɵ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ Ɏɪɭɤɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɥɟɬ

ɗɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɚ ɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɢ ɯɪɚ ɦɨɜ ɩɚɝɨɞ ɫɬɭɩ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɟ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ.

ȼ ɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɭɡɟɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɚ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ

107

x ɩɨɹɫ ȼɨɥɶɫɨɧ ɫ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɦ ɉɨɥɭɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɥɟɫɨɦ Ʉɟɪɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɚ ɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ ɢ ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɑɨɦɫɨɧɞɷ

x ɩɨɹɫ ɩɚɪɤɚ Ɍɭɦɭɥɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɫɢɥɥɚɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜ ɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ

x ɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ

Ⱥɡɢɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɏɜɚɧɧɺɧɫɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɉɭɧɯɜɚɧɫɚ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɞ ɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ

ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ

ɋɟɭɥ ȼɢɪɟɫɨɧ ɇɚɦɝɺɧ ɏɚɧɶɹɧ ɏɚɧɫɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟ ɧɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɚ. ȼ ɝ ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ ȼɢɪɟ (ȼɢ ɪɟɫɨɧ) ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɝ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɸɠ

ɧɵɣ ɍɧɱɠɢɧ Ʉɨɧɱɠɭ ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɷɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɪɭɝ ɏɚɧɶɹɧ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɭ ɪɟɤɢ ɏɚɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɫ ɝ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʉɨɪɺ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɇɚɦɝɺɧ ɘɠ ɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ

ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟ ɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʌɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɑɨɫɨɧ, 1392 1910 ɝɝ ) ȼ ɝ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɏɚɧɫɨɧ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɟɤɢ

ɏɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɨ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɬɶ ɋɟɭɥ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɝ

ɏɚɧɫɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɟɱɤɚ ɑɢɧɝɚ-ɑɚɧ ɜ ɤɦ ɨɬ ɟɺ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ

ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɭ ɏɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɤ Ɍɷɞɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɇɚɤɬɨɧ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ . Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟ

ɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɟɥ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɢɞɭɳɢɣ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɸɝ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ.

ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɞɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɠɢ ɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɲɟɥ

ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɧ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ

108

Ɋɢɫ Ƚɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɋɟɭɥɚ

Ɋɢɫ Ɋɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɪɨɬ ɫɨ ɫɜɢɬɤɚ XVI ɜ

ɇɨ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢ ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɜɨɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ.

109

ȿɳɺ ɡɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɟ ɜ 1103 ɝ

ɛɵɥ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ Ʌɢ Ɇɢɧɱɠɭɧɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɝɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ

Ɋɢɫ Ɋɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɜ XVIII ɜɟɤɟ

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ Ʉɨɪɺ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɋɟɭɥ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɫɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ

Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɨɤɪɭ ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ ɉɨɱɬɢ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɑɢɧɝɚ-ɑɚɧ ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫ ɝɨɪ ɜɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɤ ɢ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ Ɉɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɚ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɢ ɫɜɹ ɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɴɟɡɞɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɤ ɢ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ

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