Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ

Ɋɢɫ Ɇɟɫɬɨ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɦɢɪɚ Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟ ɥɟɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɘɠɧɭɸ Ʉɨɪɟɸ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ Ʉɨɪɟɸ Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɹ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɫɹɱɟ ɥɟɬɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ ɛɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɜɨ ɛɨɞɧɨ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɂ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɧɹɬɶ ɤɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɥ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡ ɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɚ ɝɨɞ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ VII ɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ ɏɨɪɸɞɡɢ ɜ

ɇɚɪɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɉɷɤɱɟ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɸ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ

11

ɏɨɬɹ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ

ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬ ɤ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɢ ɜ Ʉɢ ɬɚɟ ɧɢ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ

Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɥɚɬɢɧ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚ ɧɚɯ ɨɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ-

ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɋɟɤɢ Ʉɚɡɭɚɤɢ ɢɡ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɏɨɧ ɋɷ ɉɺ ɢɡ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɢɣ ɫɤɢɣ Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɞɜɨɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɱɚɫɚ ɹ ɜɟɪɧɭ ɥɚɫɶ ɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɜɟɫɟɥɨ ɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ Ɉɧɢ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɵ

ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ ɢ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɨɦ Ȼɭɤɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɜɭɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ Ɉɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɛɭɤɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɝ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɱɢɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ

ɂɟɪɨɝɥɢɮ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɟɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɗɬɨ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɥɢ ɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɟɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɚ ȼɨɫɬɨ ɤɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ > @ ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɥɥɢɝɪɚ ɮɢɢ ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫ

ɫɬɜɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬ ɞ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɢɥɢ Ʉɢ ɬɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɢɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɭɤɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɟɳɟɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢ ɞɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɥɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɫ ɰɢɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɦɟ

12

ɧɢɬɵɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ.

ɋɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɢ ɤɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨ

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɚɧ ɬɢɹ ɇɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɨ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɬɚɦ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɉɨɡɠɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɮɭɫɭɣ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɟ ɬɨɧɝɯɢ ɢ ɬ ɞ ɗɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɜ ɩɟ ɪɢɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜɩɢ ɬɚɥɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɨɫɢɡɦɚ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦɚ Ɋɨɥɶ ɮɷɧɲɭɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ > @

ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɥɚ ɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱ ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɜ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɵɦ ɦɨɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɦɢ Ɍɢɯɨɝɨ ɨɤɟ ɚɧɚ Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ ɜ Ʉɨ ɪɟɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨ ɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ

ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɨ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ - ɝɝ Ʉɨɪɟɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɨɛɪɟ ɬɟɧ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɥɚɞɨɧ ɧɚɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɪɢɮɬ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɨɥ ɨɧɞɨɥɶ ɛɪɨɧɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɢ ɬ ɞ ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɟ ɲɟɥɤɨ ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɜɨ ɩɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɤɨ

13

ɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɪɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ ɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ

Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɨ ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɍɱɢɬɟɥɹ Ⱦɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɇɟ ɧɚɫɬɭ ɩɚɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ >Ɍ ɫ @

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬ ɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧɅɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ

Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ;9,, ;9,,, ɜɟɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɚɹ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ > @ ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɠɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɐɢɧ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɺɝɭɧɚɬɚ Ɍɨɤɭɝɚɜɚ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ Ɏɢɥɥɢɩɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ ɤɨɬɨ

ɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɛɪɚɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ ɰɟɯɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ

ȼ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɷɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ 1912 ɝɝ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɥɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ

ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɥɢ ɐɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɺɝɭɧɚɬ Ɍɨɤɭɝɚɜɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɥɟɬ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚ ɟɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ > @ Ȼɟɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɦɭɬɵ ɢ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚ

14

ɥɚɫɶ ɹɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1945 ɝ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɢ ɄɇȾɊ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ

ɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɄɇȾɊ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɚ ɘɠɧɚɹ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɫ

ɤɨɧɰɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ

ɋ -ɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨ

ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭ ɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɞɪɟɜ ɧɸɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ

ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɋɨɫɟɞɧɹɹ əɩɨɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɢɬɦɨɦɟɬɪɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɹɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ;; ɜɟɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɭ ɢ ɯɚɣ-ɬɟɤɭ ɇɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ

ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛ ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨ ɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɚ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɗɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ

ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ

ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨ

15

ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ

ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭ ɪɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɞɨɢ ɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ Ɋɚɧɧɟɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ Ɍɪɢ ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜ ɫɬɜɚ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨ ɞɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɫɦ ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨ ɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫ ȼ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɝɚɥɢɬɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ Ɂɟɦɧɨɦ ɲɚɪɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɨ ɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ

ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼ ɧɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚ ɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɟɭɥɚ Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ-ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɏɜɚɫɨɧ ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢ

ɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ɂɚɩɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɦ ɉɨ ɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢ ɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɉɹɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɧɵ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧɚ ɢ

ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧɚ ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚ

ɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɫɬɨɤɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨ

16

ɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɚɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ ɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜ ɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ

ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ȼ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɷɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ

ɉɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɨɜ ȼ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɡɹɧɶ

ɀɢɥɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭɫɚɞɟɛ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɵɯɷɸɚɧɶ ɤɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɧɨɤ ɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɢɹ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɛɚ. ɀɢɥɢɳɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ

ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɭ ɩɨ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɨɣ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢ ɢ ɬ ɞ

ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ȼ ɫɪɚɜ ɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɧ

ɫɚɦɛɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ ɉɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚ ɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ

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18

ȽɅȺȼȺ

ɉɊȿȾɉɈɋɕɅɄɂ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ȽɈɊɈȾɋɄɈɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-

ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɟɺ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɦ ɛɵɥ Ʉɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɇɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɨ-Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ

ɝɨɪ ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɨɬ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɭɧɝɚɪɢ ɧɵɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ʌɹɨɧɢɧ ɐɡɢɥɢɧɶ ɢ ɏɷɣɥɭɧɰɡɹɧ ɄɇɊ ɢ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɍɫɫɭɪɢ ɧɵɧɟ ɸɝ ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ Ʉɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶ ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

19

1.1.Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨ ɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɤɜ ɤɦ Ɉɧ ɨɦɵ

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɀɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ əɩɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚ əɩɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ ɉɨ ɤɨɧɮɢ ɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɧ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɤɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɍɚ ɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɟ ɚ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨ ɜɚ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɭ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɉɟɥɨɩɨɧɧɟɫ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɤɜ ɤɦ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢ ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɩɟɧɧɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɤɜ ɤɦ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɪɟɜ ɧɟɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɦ Ɍɢɯɨɝɨ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɡɚ ɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɭɸ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʉ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɟ

ɝɨɞɧɹ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɗɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ

ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɑɢɧɞɨ ɇɚɦɯɷɞɨ ɢ Ʉɺɞɠɟɞɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜ ɢ ɤɜ ɤɦ ɫɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɦ

ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɑɟɞɠɭ ɑɟɞɠɭɞɨ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɦ ɨɬ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ȿɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ ɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ ɢ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-

ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɯ ɤɦ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɜ ɤɦ

20