English for Economist and managers

60

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

ТЕСТ 7

1. Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets.

l) When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone.

2) When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.

3)He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.

4)I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.

5)I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.

6)I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.

7)Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!

8)I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.

9)I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.

10)When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.

11)When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).

61

2. Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets.

1)Mike (fell / was falling) down and ( hurt / was hurting) his knees.

2)Last summer, when climbing a mountain in the Caucasus we (lost / were loosing) our way.

3)The rescue team (found / was founding) us on the fourth day.

4)We (left / were leaving) the camp and (went / were going) towards the mountain.

5)When I (entered / was entering) the room Justin (showed / was showing) photographs to the guests.

6)Police (stopped / was stopping) him while he (drove / was driving) at a high speed.

7)While I (spoke / was speaking) to Jill, I (learned / was learning) that her husband was in hospital.

8)I (looked / was looking) after my niece while my sister (made / was making) a tour of Italy.

9)She first (met / was meeting) her husband when she (attended / was attending) a conference in Stockholm.

10)While I (listened / was listening) to him I suddenly (remembered / was remembering) our first meeting.

11) During the performance the lights on the stage suddenly_________. a) went off b) were going off

4. Choose the correct verb form.

l) We________a new market in South Asia last year.

EVERYDAY ENGLISH

Forms of address. (Формы обращения)

В англоязычных странах наиболее часто используются обращения: Mr — к мужчине.

Mrs — к замужней женщине. Miss — к незамужней женщине.

Например: Mr Howard, Mrs Allen, Miss Turner (как правило, с фамилией).

64

Эти формы обращения используются британцами, когда они не очень хорошо знают человека, с которым говорят. Сравнительно недавно появилась новая форма обращения к женщинам, независимо от того, замужем она или нет: Ms.

Например: Ms Sue Smith.

Это обращение следует использовать только вместе с фамилией, иначе звучит невежливо.

Другие обращения используются:

Sir! — обычно обслуживающим персоналом.

Madam! — сотрудниками магазинов, полицейскими, билетерами. Ladies and Gentlemen! — формальное начало речи при выступлении.

Mr President! — к президенту.

Officer — к полицейскому любого ранга. Father — к священнику.

Doctor — к врачу.

Dr Brown — к ученому со степенью доктора философии.

Professor (без фамилии) — к преподавателю университета высшей квалификации.

Professor Brown — звучит менее формально. Waiter / Waitress — к официанту / официантке. Porter — к носильщику.

Nurse — к мед. сестре, няне.

Однако, обращения waiter, porter, nurse в последнее время становятся малоупотребительными. Вместо этого британцы предпочитают говорить «Excuse me, please?». Эта же фраза (в американском английском «Pardon») используется для того, чтобы привлечь внимание незнакомого человека.

1. What do you say?

1.You want to order a coffee. The waiter is reading a newspaper.

2.You want to talk to a married woman. Her husband‘s surname is Williams.

3.You want to get off the bus, but the bus is crowded.

65

UNIT 4

READING

Text 8

The Banking system of the UK

In the beginning of the twentieth century banking system of the UK had two levels and comprises:

•the first level: Bank of England, the central bank;

•the second level: deposit banks, credit and merchant banks, credit intermediaries, clearing houses.

The Bank of England had a number of special privileges, particularly with regard to issue of notes, which helped to establish and strengthen its position in its association with the Government.

The Bank assumed responsibility for the integrity of the banking system in the later years of the nineteenth century. In other words the Bank undertook to ensure good practice and public confidence in the banks. There was a real need for this undertaking, because there had been losses of confidence in several large banks.

A major collapse in the banking system was averted by the Bank of England lending money to banks which were having difficulty meeting their commitments to lenders and depositors. It is this function which helped to establish the Bank of England's role as the central bank.

In our century the British banking system has changed a little.

Nowadays nearly every country with market-oriented economy has two-level banking system, where the central bank functions at the first level, and commercial banks - at the second level.

Today there are following types of commercial banks in UK.

Deposit banks. The group includes the largest present day banks, so called clearing banks, prevailing in acceptance of deposits and provision of credit - Barclay's Bank, Lloyd's Bank, Midland Bank and National Westminster Bank. They are the basis of the banking system of the UK. They are often called retail banks.

Merchant banks. They are wide-spread over the country and have old traditions. They are essentially smaller in size than clearing banks. The merchant banks provide a range of specialist services for customers, mainly in the industrial and commercial

66

sector, perform in the sphere of foreign trade and international financial-credit operations.

Foreign Banks. Foreign Banks refer to large bank groups according to figures in their balance sheets. There are about 450 foreign banks.

Consortia Banks. Banks of, at least, two countries have their share in capital of consortia bank and no one possesses controlling stake of shares.

These banks become to develop rapidly with the expansion of euromarket. They are represented mainly by specialized banks of transnational and multinational industrial concerns.

2. Translate these noun combinations and use them in your own sentences:

3. Say if the statements are true or false.

1.Nowadays the banking system of the UK has two levels.

2.The Bank of England had no special privileges.

3.The Bank undertook to ensure good practice.

4.There had been losses of confidence in several large banks.

5.Merchant banks are often called retail banks.

6.There are no foreign banks in the world.

7.Consortia Banks become to develop rapidly with the expansion of euromarket.

68

4. Find the terms in the text which correspond to these definitions:

1.______________ had two levels.

2.______________ had a number of special privileges with regard to issue of notes. 3.______________ include the largest present day banks, so called clearing banks. 4.______________ provide a range of specialist services for customers. 5.______________ perform in the sphere of international financial-credit operations. 6.______________ are essentially smaller in size than clearing banks. 7.______________ refer to large bank groups.

8.______________is a bank of, at least, two countries.

9. No one possesses controlling stake of shares in ________________ .

5. Answer the questions:

1.What does the banking system of the UK comprise?

2.What helped to establish and strengthen the position of the Bank of England?

3.Was there a real need for good practice and public confidence in the banks?

4.What did several large banks lose?

5.What was averted by the Bank of England lending money to banks?

6.What difficulties did the banks have at that time?

7.What helped to establish the Bank of England's role as the central bank?

8.How has the British banking system changed in our century?

9.What banking system does a country with market-oriented economy have?

10.What are the types of commercial banks in UK?

11.What British largest present day banks do you know?

Enact the dialogue of two friends using exercise 5.

Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.

69

GRAMMAR

Группа временных форм Perfect

Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата).

Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий.

Время подведения итогов — либо настоящий момент (Present Perfect): I have written the letter. Я (только что) написал письмо;

либо момент в прошлом (Past Perfect):

I had written the letter when he came. Я написал письмо, когда он пришел. (Действие завершилось раньше другого в прошлом);

либо — в будущем (Future Perfect):

I will have written the letter by 10 o'clock tomorrow. Я напишу письмо к

10 часам завтра. (Действие завершится к определенному моменту в будущем).

Формы глагола в Present Perfect

1.Для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом:

Не had read the book by 10 o'clock yesterday.

Он прочел книгу до десяти часов (к десяти часам) вечера.

When we came to the airport the plane had already landed.

Когда мы приехали в аэропорт, самолет уже приземлился.