English for Economist and managers

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4. Put the questions to the words in italic:

1.It is essential to distinguish a few different concepts of «profit».

2.Profit in everyday life means money gained in business.

3.A major goal of any business company is making a profit.

4.Profit for an accountant means the difference between total receipts and total costs. 5.Profit and loss account shows whether the company has made a profit or loss.

6.For an economist profit has a much wider meaning.

7.Price is the most changeable element of marketing mix.

8.Price determines the demand for a product.

5.Enact the dialogue of the two friends using exercise 4.

Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.

GRAMMAR

Complex Subject

Именительный падеж с инфинитивом

Complex Subject (сложное подлежащее, «именительный падеж с инфинитивом») состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже, глагола-сказуемого и инфинитива.

Все предложение обычно имеет следующую структуру:

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б) в действительном залоге:

Инфинитивный оборот «сложное подлежащее» переводится на русский язык дополнительными придаточными предложениями.

Обратите внимание на то, что перевод предложения со сложным подлежащим начинается со сказуемого известно…, считают…, полагают…и т.д., за которым следует придаточное предложение с союзами что, чтобы,

как…

The delegation is known to arrive on Monday. Известно, что делегация прибывает в понедельник.

The problem is likely to be discussed at the meeting. Вероятно, что этот вопрос будет обсуждаться на собрании.

Предложения с инфинитивным оборотом «сложное подлежащее» можно переводить простым предложением, в котором глаголу-сказуемому английского предложения соответствует вводное предложение, которое начинается со слова как, как известно, как считают и т.д.

He is known to live in Moscow. Он, как известно, живет в Москве.

ТЕСТ 16

1.Underline Complex Subject in the following sentences and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.He is expected to come soon.

2.The president of the company is away . He is said to be in France.

3.The oil prices are reported to have risen dramatically.

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4.The problem is supposed to be discussed at the meeting.

5.He is considered to be a good accountant.

6.Mrs Hudson is said to be an experienced secretary.

7.He is unlikely to come soon.

8.He is likely to be promoted.

9.She is known to be good at making presentations.

10.He seems to be mistaken.

11.Mr Gordon is sure to be back to the office soon.

12.The advertising campaign of the new product is thought to be successful.

13.The hotel is said to be located in the center of the city.

14.The flight turns out to have been delayed.

15.Mr Smith seems to be unsatisfied with the results of our work.

16.Traveller‘s checks are considered to be useful when you are travelling.

17.The dollar is supposed to have risen recently.

18.Mr Levitt is said to have called twice.

19.You are likely to have dialed the wrong number.

20.Mrs Sanders is said to have confirmed the reservation at the hotel.

2.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject.

1.Industry growth has been strong during the 1990 and is expected to remain strong for several more years.

2.The competition in the industry is expected to increase at both the manufacturer and retailer levels.

3.The relationships between agriculture and forestry are recognized by land economists to be inseparatable.

4.When interest rates are expected to rise, financial managers try to lock in long-term financing at low costs.

5.The existing security markets are found to provide liquidity for both the corporation and the investor.

6.At present, the firm is handling about 2,500 transactions a day but the number is expected to grow.

7.Finland is known internationally to manufacture modern machines for the pulp and multi-function machines.

8.Finland is proved to be a producer of forest machinery too.

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WRITING

1. Study the resume. How is it structured? What parts can it be divided into?

David Warren

1823 Stackhouse Ln. Akron, OH 44301 dw36@psu.edu Home (817) 555-0021 Office (817) 555-9010

__________________

Objective

A position in a well estabilished sociology department, which will allow for adequate time and funding to be directed toward research.

Summary of Achievements

Rhodes Scholar

1988 - 1990: Awarded two years of post-graduate study at Oxford University. Pursued the M.Phil in Social Sciences.

Gene Landis Award for Outstanding Teaching

1995 & 1997: Selected by the student body of York College.

Experience

1999 - Present

Assistant Professor, Sociology - University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Taught such notable courses as "Intro to Sociology", "Sociology of Inequality", and "The McDonaldization of Society".

1995 - 1998

Lecturer, York College, York, PA

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Education

Ph.D, Sociology, 1994

Penn State University, State College, PA

Specialization: Global inequality, sociology of marriage

M.Phil, Social Sciences, 1990

Oxford College, Oxford, UK

B.A. Sociology, Literature 1988

Cornell University

Ithaca, NY

Selected Publications

"Building More Prisons: Retribution or Rehabilitation?", American Journal of Sociology. Worthington Press, June 1995

"Big Mac Nation", published in The Globalization Reader. Bretton-Woods Press. August, 1997.

3. Make a resume of your own.

UNIT 12

READING

Text 16

Financing a company

Finance is central to the operation of any business. Finance is needed to rent or buy premises, to purchase capital equipment, to hire labor and obtain raw materials. Therefore, without finance a new business could not be set up and an existing business could not continue to function. The money needed to start and continue operating a business is known as capital. This is usually divided into working capital and fixed capital.

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Working capital is for purchasing single-use factors or «variable factors». They are labor, raw materials, petrol, stationery, fertilizers, etc. Finance for working capital can be obtained from a variety of sources: banks, trade, credit, finance companies, factor houses, advance deposits from customers and the government.

Fixed capital covers factors which are used many times, such as factories, machines, land, lorries, etc. Some finance for fixed capital is therefore required initially for advance payments on factory buildings, machinery and so on before the firm is earning revenue. It is possible to convert fixed capital into working capital by renting buildings, hiring plant and vehicles or by leasing through a finance company.

Many companies, especially new ones, raise capital, both working and fixed, by borrowing or by selling their shares.

When a company obtains capital from external sources, the financing can be either on a short-term or a long-term arrangement. In financing business operations and expansion, a business uses both short-term and long-term capital.

A company utilizes short-term capital to pay for salaries and office expenses that last a relatively short period of time. On the other hand, a company seeks long-term financing to pay for new assets that are expected to last many years. Generally, shortterm financing must be repaid in less than one year, while long-term financing can be repaid over a longer period of time.

The sale of business‘s goods or services generates finance which is used to purchase more materials, pay wages and so on in order to generate more production, more sales and hence more income. If the business is successful then the amount received from sales will be greater than the costs of production and therefore a profit will be made.

1. Translate these word combinations into Russian:

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2. Say if the statements are true or false.

1.Finance is needed to rent or buy premises.

2.An existing business could continue to function without finance.

3.Capital is the money needed to start and continue operating a business.

4.Finance is usually divided into working and fixed.

5.Single-use factors are labor, raw materials, petrol, stationery, fertilizers.

3. Read these words and make a few sentences of your own:

1.to be used many times

2.to sell shares

3.to convert fixed capital into working capital

4.to use short-term and long-term capital

5.to pay for salaries and office expenses

6.to last a relatively short period of time

7.to pay for new assets

8.to last many years

9.to generate finance

10.the costs of production

4. Explain the meanings of the following economic terms by completing the sentences:

1.Finance is …

2.Capital is …

3.Working capital is …

4.Fixed capital covers …

5.Short-term capital is utilized to …

6.Long-term financing is used to …

7.The sale of goods or services generates …

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5. Put the questions to the words in italic:

1.Finance is needed to purchase capital equipment, to hire labor and obtain raw materials.

2.A new business could not be set up without finance.

3.Finance for working capital can be obtained from a variety of sources.

4.Some finance for fixed capital is required before the firm is earning revenue.

5.It is possible to convert fixed capital into working capital.

6.Many companies raise capital, both working and fixed, by borrowing.

7.Short-term financing must be repaid in less than one year.

6. Answer the questions:

1.What is central to the operation of any business?

2.What is finance needed for?

3.What is usually divided into working capital and fixed capital?

4.What are the two types of capital used for?

5.What can be either on a short-term or a long-term arrangement?

7. Make a summary of the text.

Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.

GRAMMAR

Мodal verbs and their equivalents

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Модальные глаголы выражают не действие, а способность, возможность, должествование или необходимость его совершения. Инфинитив смыслового глагола, следующий за модальными глаголами can, must, may, should употребляется без частицы to, а с модальным глаголом to be to и

эквивалентами модальных глаголов to be able to, to be allowed to, to have to

без частицы to.

Модальные глаголы не имеют неличных форм – инфинитива, герундия, причастия; не изменяются по лицам и числам, то есть имеют одну форму для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа.

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Ввопросительной форме модальный глагол ставится в предложении перед подлежащим:

Can you type? Ты можешь печатать?

Вотрицательном предложении отрицательная частица ставится после модального глагола:

You can not type. Ты не можешь печатать.

Модальный глагол can не имеет формы будущего, а глаголы must, might –

прошедшего и будущего времени. Вместо них используются эквиваленты to be able to, to have to, to be allowed to. Вспомним правила их использования,

посмотрев на таблицу.

Modal verbs and their equivalents

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты