English for Economist and managers

120

It all (start) in 1955 when man called Ray Kroc (open) a new restaurant in Illinois. He (buy) the name from the two brothers called McDonald. To increase the sales he (start) advertising on TV in 1963 and a clown called Ronald McDonald (appear) in the first ads. The clown (be) friendly and helpful. In 1967 Kroc (open) his first restaurants outside the USA in Canada and Puerto Rico. The company (open) more restaurants in the next 5 years.

UNIT 10

READING

Text 14

Public and private sectors in the UK

At the beginning of the 1980s there were many public corporations in the United Kingdom. They included British Coal, British Steel, the Post Office, British Telecom, the British Airports Authorities, British Rail and some others.

The government became closely involved in industry after World War II when the Labor Party nationalized major industries. They were transferred to state ownership mostly for political reasons. Thus a desire to control and plan the economy in detail was reflected. The government and political leaders believed in the

«tightness» of public ownership as an ideal.

Sometimes government intervention was found necessary to ensure that economic opportunities were fair and to stimulate the growth of the main industries. Several corporations became public to be rescued from bankruptcy. The governments saved thousands of jobs in those firms and the taxpayer was saved from paying out large sums to unemployed people.

Very many public corporations later became private again. But some others are still publicly owned. Now it is a well-known public opinion, that the British government should control the working conditions at the industrial enterprises in the country. Besides, there should be more checks on a company‘s activities in order to allow free competition.

A special mention should be made of British Rail. Railway tracks make a natural monopoly of the state. At the same time different companies are allowed to operate competing on the same tracks. Thus there is a natural monopoly in track ownership but not in operating trains.

121

You should know that the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is the government department dealing with industry. The Confederation of British Industry is the employers‘ organization in Britain. It aims to keep the government and the public informed about the needs and the problems of industry.

1. Translate these sentences into Russian:

1.There were many public corporations in the United Kingdom.

2.The government became closely involved in industry.

3.The Labor Party nationalized major industries.

4.They desired to control and plan the economy in detail.

5.The government intervention stimulated the growth of the industries.

6.Several corporations became public to be rescued from bankruptcy.

7.The government saved thousands of jobs in those firms.

122

2. Say if the statements are true or false.

1.Many public corporations later became private again.

2.The taxpayer paid out large sums to unemployed people.

3.There are no publicly owned corporations in the United Kingdom.

4.The British government controls the working conditions at the enterprises.

5.There is a natural monopoly in track ownership but not in operating trains.

3. Make sentences using the following words and word combinations:

4. Answer the questions:

1.What public corporations in the United Kingdom do you know?

2.When did the government become closely involved in industry?

3.What was transferred to state ownership mostly for political reasons?

4.What did the government and political leaders believe in?

5.Why did several corporations become public?

6.What should the British government control?

7.What does the Department of Trade and Industry deal with?

Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.

GRAMMAR

Infinitive

Инфинитив

Инфинитив (Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, обладающая

123

действия, а также залог. Признаком инфинитива является to перед глаголом. В предложении инфинитив выполняет функции подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства цели, составного сказуемого.

To read is interesting. Читать - это интересно.

I like to read very much. Я очень люблю читать.

1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive. Underline the Infinitives and say what form of the Infinitive is given.

1.I was surprised to see Ann there.

2.I wasn‘t able to understand the timetable.

3.I got up early in order to be ready to leave at eight.

4.The computer needs to be repaired.

5.She was so sorry not to have seen Bill.

6.I seem to have disappointed Mr Dick yesterday.

7.Try not to be late.

124

8.She may be travelling in Europe now.

9.Your printer will be repaired by Tuesday.

10.You could have been promoted if you hadn‘t been so easy-going.

11.It‘s important to listen to people.

12.You should have told me you were ill.

13.I‘d like to go home early today.

14.I have to work right now.

15.Your advertisement will be posted today.

16.She must be preparing for the tomorrow‘s presentation now

17.We don‘t allow people to smoke here.

18.Sorry – I forgot to post the letters.

19.I regret to have told you that I have failed my examinations.

20.I‗m happy to have a chance to talk to you.

2.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive.

1.More and more the small woodlands will serve to provide the supplies for woodusing industries.

2.The larger forest properties must be operated to return a satisfactory income.

3.To cover marketing costs, 3 per cent of the sale price of all products at the final point of delivery will be deducted.

4.To determine the value of timber the owner must consider the costs of efficient woods operation. The investment banker will contract to buy securities from the corporation and resell them to other security dealers and the public.

5.Usually, management of the private company must sell off assets to reduce the debt load.

6.All factors entering into the proper handling being known, it is possible to lay out in advance the plans of managing the woodland properly.

7.To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country.

8.A poorly managed, stagnant economy offers private investors fewer opportunities to start a business.

9.To compare economies of the systems, a standard set of conditions was chosen for each stand type.

125

Complex Object

Винительный падеж с инфинитивом

Инфинитивный оборот Complex Object (сложное дополнение, винительный падеж с инфинитивом) употребляется после глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств (to see - видеть, to hear

– слышать, to fell – чувствовать и т.д.), желание (to want – хотеть, to like – нравиться и т. д.), предположение (to expect – предполагать, to consider - считать , to find – находить, to know – знать и т. д.) просьбу, приказ (to ask - просить и т.д.)

He asked her to help him. – Он попросил ее помочь ему.

I saw him crossing the street. Я видел, как он переходил улицу.

ТЕСТ 15

1.Translate into Russian paying attention to the Complex Object.

1.I want Ms Watson to help me. I expect her to come soon.

2.I expect the goods to be delivered in a month.

3.I saw her enter the office at 3 pm.

4.I heard him mention her name during the meeting.

5.I wish the work to be done by Friday.

6.I saw the luggage put into the car.

7.I suppose him to be suitable for the position of the manager.

8.I consider him to be a clever man.

9.I know them to be right.

10.The director found the terms of the delivery to be unsatisfactory.

11.I expect George to be promoted soon.

12.She wants Mrs Stevenson to look through the report before the presentation.

13.He advised me to try to find a new job.

126

WRITING

Study the composition of Business Letter / Составление делового письма

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПИСЬМА / BODY OF THE LETTER

(INTRODUCTION – ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ)

I‘m writing to introduce myself and my company. My name is Jean-Paul Richard and I work for an antiques company in Paris.

(ПРЕДМЕТ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЯ – SUBJECT)

Our company would like to establish ties with you for a mutually beneficial relationship. We buy and sell antiques. It is our understanding that you, as estate appraisers and consultants, are involved in the disposition of antique furnishings.

(CONCLUSION – ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ)

I am enclosing my card and our company brochure. It would be a great pleasure to meet with you personally. I will be calling you next week to see what we can arrange.

127

Обратите внимание, что вы можете сделать отступ в начале каждого абзаца в 3-5 знаков, а можете не делать красной строки – оба способа являются грамотными.

Если вы хотите сократить написание даты, помните, что в США даты пишутся в последовательности месяц – день – год: 3/12/10 означает 12 марта 2010 года.

1. Read and translate the business letter

MAHONEY AND MILLMAN, INC

1951 Benson Street

Bronx, New York 10465

May 2, 20_

RBM Manufacturing Company, Inc. 4022 Ninth Avenue

New York, New York 10055 Dear Sirs,

We are interested in company RBM Manufacturing Company products. We should be very pleased if you could send us all possible information about your production, so your price-lists and catalogues will be much appreciated.

We look forward to your prompt reply. Yours faithfully,

William Wilson

Office Manager

UNIT 11

READING

Text 15

Profits and costs, values and prices

It is essential to distinguish a few different concepts of «profit». Profit in everyday life means advantage or good obtained from something. Besides it can mean money gained in business which is more than money spent. A major goal of any business company is making a profit.

128

Profit for an accountant means simply the difference between total receipts and total costs. Profit and loss account is the statement of a company‘s expenditure and income over a period of time, almost always calendar year. It shows whether the company has made a profit or loss.

For an economist profit has a much wider meaning. It is the revenue derived from the use of resources minus the opportunity cost of using those resources.

Cost means the amount of money which has to be paid for something. The economist attaches a cost to the use of retained earnings, since they could have yielded revenues if used outside the business. Retained earnings are understood to be profits which are not paid out to shareholders as dividend.

Besides the economist would value the time of owner-managers in accordance with what they could have earned outside the business. Value in itself is the amount of money something is worth.

Price is the most changeable element of marketing mix. Its definition is exchange of something of value for something else. A number of factors will affect the price a firm sets for its product. They include such things as the cost of producing the product, the rival firms‘ prices, the type of a product. Price is one of many factors that determine the demand for a product.

1. Find English equivalents for the following Russian expressions:

1.несколько различных значений

2.получать прибыль

3.тратить деньги

4.более широкое значение

5.использование ресурсов

2. Translate the word combinations, read the sentences in the text with them:

1.total receipts and total costs

2.expenditure and income

3.profit and loss

4.retained earnings

5.marketing mix

3. Say if the statements are true or false.

1.A major goal of any business company is using resources.

2.Profit and loss account is a statement.

3.For an economist profit has no meaning.

4.Value is the amount of money something is worth.