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1Kanunname Sutan Mehmeds des Erobers. Hrsg. und uberz. von F. Kraelitz-Greifenhorst. Wien, 1921, p. 48.

2OcMaHCKllil 11MrrepIDI B XV-XVII BeKax. URL: http://www.world-history.ru/countries_ about/2205.html.

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1 Hoauiiea A. /1,. DettqHK. K HCTOpHH pa6crna B 0cMaHCKoi1: HMrrepHH. JI. : Turcologika, 1976.C.305-306,308.

2 HuKoJUle /1,. JIHbJqapbI. M., 2004. C. 10, 13-14.

3 36apa:>#CcKui1 K. 0 coCTOHHHH 0TTOMaHcKoi1: HMrrepHH H ee aoi1:CKa I I OcMaHCKM 11Mrrep11H a rrepaoi1: qernepTH XVII aeKa. M. : Hay1rn, 1984. C. 157; PyccK11i1: rrocoJI B CrnM6yJie. M., 1984. c. 61.

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6 <Peoopoa B. r. 3aoJIJOIIHH CTpeJIKoaoro op}')KHH.Y. I. Pa3BHTHe pyqttoro orHecTpeJibHoro Opj')KHHOT 3apmKaHHH C,'lyJia11 KpeMHeBOfO 3aMKa ,'10Mara3HHHbIX BHHTOBOK. M. : foe. BOeH. H3,11-BO HapKoMaTa o6opOHhI CoJ03a CCP, 1938.

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1DeVries K. Gunpowder weapons at the siege of Constantinople, 1453. P. 352-353.

23JieKTpOHHfill 6116mrnTeKa. URL: http://www.xliby.ru/istorija/velikaja_ognestrelnaja_

revolyucija/p4. php.

3 Agoston G. Guns for the Sultan. Military Power and Weapon Industry in the Ottoman Empire P. 10.

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5Inalcik H. The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization and Economy. L., 1978, p. 198.

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Ha61110p;aTeJibHOCTb, OTCYTCTBHe CTpaxa nepeMeH H HOBOBBe~eHHH, a TaK)Ke BbICOKHH ypoBeHb nop;rOTOBKH BOOp~eHHblX CHJI B COBOKYfiHOCTH

6hIJIH 3a11oroM ycnexoB OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH Ha npoTH)KeHHH p;o11rHx 11eT,

O~HaKO, ~a)Ke HeCMOTpH Ha BbICOKHe noKa3aTeJIH 6oecnoco6HOCTH, KO BTOpoii noJIOBHHe XVI B. nepHoti; pacCBeTa HMnepHH 6bIJI 3aBeprneH, H rocyp;apCTBO nocTeneHHO CTaJIO TepHTb CBOH n03Hu;HH H 6bIJIOe Morym;ecTBO.

KpM3MC e apMMM MrocyAapnee

TipHqHHbl cna~a OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH CJie~yeT HCKaTb B BOeHHO-JieH- HOH CHCTeMe, KOTOpaH K TOMY BpeMeHH BnaJia B KpH3HC. Tipe~e Bcero 3TO Bbipa3HJIOCb B Korp;a-TO ycnellIHOH CHCTeMe THMapoB, KOTOpaH KO BTopoii no110BHHe XVI B. YTPaTHJia CBOIO 3<l><l>eKTHBHOCTb. B rocyp;apcTBe npou;BeTa11a Koppyrru;HH, CJIO)KHJIHCb HHbie nopMKH H B apMHH.

CHnaxH ~e He 6bIJIH 3aHHTepecoBaHbI B ycnexe 6oeBhIX p;eiicTBHH, TaK KaK He no11yqa11H npe)KHHX Harpap; 3a yqaCTHe B HHX. ~ep)KaTeJIH 3eMeJib MOrJIH OTKYfiHTbCH OT yqacTHH B BOeHHbIX noxop;ax. B CBH3H c OTCYTCTBHeM HHTepeca K BOeHHOMY tJ;eJIY B 6oeBbIX p;eHCTBHHX npHHHMaJIH yqacTHe ace, KTO 6bIJI cor11aceH Ha nocTaBJieHHhie YCJIOBHH, npHqeM 3TO ~a)Ke He o6.H3aTeJibHO 6bIJIH BOeHHbie.

HecMoTpH Ha 3TO~ apMHH poc11a, a BMecTe c 3THM YBeJIHqHaaJIHCb H pacxoti;bI Ha ee cop;ep)KaHHe. B TaKHX yc110BHHX He Mor110 <l>YHKu;HoHHpoBaTh

HH O~HO rocyp;apCTBO, H ~a)Ke BeJIHKaH OcMaHCKaH HMnepHH nOHHMaJia, qTo ee 3anacoB He XBaTHT Ha~o11ro. A CTpaHe Heo6xo~HMbl 6hIJIH HOBbie

3aBOeBaHHH, 3a cqeT KOTOpbIX OHa H cym;eCTBOBaJia ~OJirHe ro~bl.

3Ta npo611eMa, ti;eHCTBHTeJibHO, OC03HaBaJiaCb o6m;eCTBOM, Oti;HaKO Ha <l>oHe npou;BeTaHHH Koppynu;HH HHKTO He XOTeJI )KepTBOBaTb CBOHMH <l>HHaHCaMH ti;a)Ke BO 611aro rocyp;apCTBa. TeM BpeMeHeM BOeHHbie noxo-

tl;bl CTaHOBHJIHCb BCe p;opo)Ke, Beti;b tl;JIH HX ycnernHoro HCXOti;a BCe-TaKH Tpe6oBaJIHCb BOeHHOCJI~am;He, HO HX 6ecnOKOHJIH TOJibKO npoti;BH)KeHHe

no cou;HaJibHOH JieCTHHu;e H B03MO)KH0CTb no11yqeHHH 3eMeJibHbIX Hati;e- JIOB3.

Y)Ke TOrp;a MO)KHO 6bIJIO npeti;BHti;eTb cyp;b6y OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH, KOTopaH c rop;aMH TepHJia CBOe MOryIIJ;eCTBO. Pa3pyrneHHe apMHH, KOTO-

1 Agoston G. Guns for the Sultan. Military Power and Weapon Industry in the Ottoman Empire, p. 18-19.

2 Xe3ap<{!eHH X. l13JIOlKemfe cyn1 3aKOHOB ocMaHCKott ,'IHHacnu1. C. 274.

3 OcMaHCKfill nMnepllil n CTpaHbI. .. C. 6.

77

prui: MHOro JieT Ha3a,n; JierJia B OCHOBY rocy,n;apCTBa, no npHHI.Vmy ,ZJ;OMHHO nOBJieKJIO 3a co6oH: H nocTeneHHblH pacna.n; caMOH HMnepHH.

CHryau;mo ycyry6HJIO eI.Qe H TO, 'ITOBO BCeM rocy,n;apCTBe He HailIJIOCb ,ZJ;OCTOHHOrO JIH,D;epa, cnoco6ttoro peUIHTb HaKonHBUIHeOI npo6JieMbl H noBeCTH rpaMOTHYJO BHYTPeHHIOIO noJIHTHKY. CTpHllle,n;ume K BJiaCTH MexMe,n; III

H AxMe,n; I, KOTOpbIX He CHJlbHO HHTepeCOBaJio nOJIO)l{eHHe ,ZJ;eJI B rocy,n;apCTBe, He nhITaJIHCb BbIBeCTH OcMaHCKYJO HMnepHIO H3 KpH3HCa Ha npe)l{HHH ypoBeHh pa3BHTIDI, 'ITOH npe,n;onpe,n;eJIHJIO ee CKOpbIH pacna.n;1.

OcMaHcKaH HMnepHH, 3a cqeT HaKonJieHHhIX paHee 6oraTCTB npo,n;ep- )l{aBllIHCh B CTaryce rocy,n;apcTBa ,n;o CTepBoH: MHpOBOH BOHHhI, no on11caHHhIM npH'IHHaM60Jibllle He CMOrJia npOHBHTb ce6H B BOeHHOM ,n;ene H npeKpaTHJia CBOe MHOroJieTHee CYI.QeCTBOBaHHe2.

Ponb apMMM B XX seKe

HacTOHl.QHM ycnexoM ,ZJ;JIH TYPeu;KoH rocy,n;apcTBeHHOCTH noCJie co6bITHH nepBOH qeTBepTH xx B. CTaJia B03MO)l{H0CTb coxpaHl1Tb qacTh TeppHTOpHH H o6pa3oBaTb He3aBHCHMOe rocy,n;apcTBo - Typeu;Kyio Pecny6n11ey.

B 1923 r. 6bma npoB03rJiallleHa pecny6JI11KaHcKaH Typu;11H, ocHoBaTeJieM KOTopoH: CTaJI 6bIBllll1H BOeHHhIH, reHepaJI MycTacpa KeMaJib ATanopK. c yqeTOM HeMaJIOBa)l{HOH pOJIH apM1111 B ero )l{H3HH He y,n;HBHTeJihHO, qTo B npou;ecce C03,ZJ;aHHH HOBoro rocy,n;apcTBa, OH on11pancH HMeHHO Ha Hee, H B qaCTHOCTH, Ha MOJIO,ZJ;bIX ocp11u;epoB, KOTOpbie K TOMY )Ke 51BJl51JIHCb ero 6JimKattllIHMl1 COBeTHl1KaM11.

,ll;ettcTBl1TeJibHO, apM1151 3aHl1MaJia ,n;aJieKO He noCJie,n;Hee MeCTO B nOJil1Tl1Ke HOBoo6pa3oBaHHOro rocy,n;apCTBa. I1rpa51 pOJib 3aI.Ql1THl1Ka CTpaHbl, OHa CTaJia Cl1MBOJIOM 11 rapaHTOM np11Hu;11noB M. K. ATaTIOpKa, O,ZJ;Hl1M 113 KOTOpbIX 6bIJI CBeTCKl1H xapaKTep rocy,n;apCTBa.

CBeTCKOCTh B noH11MaH11H reHepaJia no,n;pa3YMeBana OT,n;eJieH11e rocy,n;apCTBa OT peJI11r1111, a BMeCTe c 3Tl1M 11 OTpHu;aHHe nOJil1Tl1'IeCKOro11CJiaMa. I1MeHHO TaK11e nopH,ZJ;Kl1 3a1.Q111.QaJia apM1151, a qepe,n;a BOeHHbIX nepeBopoTOB 1960, 1971 11 1980 rr. 11 co6hITIDI 1997 r. 3 51BJl5IIOTC51 HarJI51,ZJ;HbIM ,ZJ;OKa3aTeJibCTBOM 3TOro.

BoeHHblM nepesopo1 1960 roAa

B 1948 r. K BJiacT11 B Typu;1111 np11IlIJia ,ll;eM0KpaT11qecKrui: napTIDI. Pe)lmM EaHpa - MeH,n;epeca Ha'IaJI,n;eM0KpaT11qecK11e pecpopMhI, 3aTpottyBlll11e npaKTl1'IeCKl1Bee ccpepbl 061.QeCTBeHHOH )1{113Hl1.

13JieKTpOHHa51 fai:6Jil10TeKa ...

23Hl(HKJiorre11mr xoJIOKOCTa. URL: https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/ru/media_rrm.php?Mo duleld =10008187&Mediald =1406.

3l1cTOp11H BOeHHhIX rrepeBopoToB B Typ111111. URL: http://tass.ru/info/3459817.

78

B 3KOHOMHKe 6hm no.n;Beprttyr H3MeHeHIDIM npHHQHII 3TaTH3Ma, 3aJIO- )KeHHhIH ATanopKoM H npe.n;rroJiaraBIIIHH Be.n;y~yro poJih rocy.n;apcrna B 3KOHOMHKe. BMecTo 3Toro npe,ll;JlaraJIOCh pa3BHTHe qacTHoro ceKTopa H npe.n;npHHHMaTeJibCTBa, HO 3KOHOMHKa no-npe:>KHeMY Haxo.n;HJiaCb B KpH3HCHOM COCTOJIHHH.

TeM He Mettee B coQHaJibHOH ccl>epe .n;eMoKpaTbI npoTHBopeqHJIH caMH ce6e, BBeM 3arrpeT Ha rry6JIHKaQHIO CTaTeH, KpHTHKOBaBIIIHX rrpaBJI~HH

pe:>KHM, H Ha CB06o.n;y co6paHHH, qTo JIBHO He BIIHCbIBaJIOCb B .n;eMOKpaTHqecKHe IIpHHQHIIbl rrpaBJI~eH rrapTHH.

HapH,ll;y c 3THM B03poCJia poJib peJIHrmL IlorryJIHpHbIMH cTaJIH IIIKOJihI HMaM-XaTH60B, r.n;e lf3yqeHHe HCJiaMa CTaJIO O,ll;HHM H3 OCHOBOIIOJiararo-

~HX o6JI3aTeJibHbIX rrpe.n;MeTOB, a MOJIHTBbl CTaJIH qJiTaTbCJI Ha apa6CKOM JI3bIKe1.

CJIO:>KHBIIIMCH CHzyaQIDI rrepeCTaJia ycTpaHBaTb KaK 06b1qHbIX rpa)K,ll;aH, TaK H BOeHHbIX. 06a CJIOH HaceJieHIDI BH,ll;eJIH rrpwrntty BCex 6e.n; B pecl>opMax ,Zl;eMoKpaTHqecKOH rrapTHH. IloHHMM, qTo Hapo.n;Ho-pecrry6JIHKaHcKM rrapTHJI TaK:>Ke He CMO)KeT rrpe.n;JIO)KHTb aJibTepHaTHBy, KOTopaH ycTpoHJia 6bI BCex, BOeHHM 3JIHTa CTpaHbl npHHJIJia perneHHe caMOCTOJITeJibHO IIOBJIHHTb Ha HCXO,ll; co6bITHH, HHbIMH CJIOBaMH - opraHH30BaTb BOeHHbIH nepeBopoT.

CneQHaJibHO ,D;JIH 3THX QeJieif 6bma c03.n;atta rpynna rocy.n;apCTBeHHhIX CJI~a~Hx, cpe.n;H KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH ,Zl;:>KeMaJih Ma.n;attorny (rettepa.JI, HaqaJih-

HHK ThIJia cyxorryrHhIX BOHCK), l1pcl>att EaIIIzyr (rettepa.JI, KOMatt.n;Hp TaHKOBOH 6pHra.n;b1), a TaK:>Ke rroJIKOBHHKH zypeQKOH apMHH AJirrapCJiaH TropKeIII, OcMaH KeKcaJI, TaJiaT AH.n;eMHpz.

IlepeBopoT ttaqaJirn B HOqh c 26 Ha 27 MaH 1960 r. fJiaBHOH 3a.n;a-

qeif rryrqHCTOB cTaJI 3axBaT rrpaBHTeJibCTBeHHhIX yqpe)K.n;eHHH B CTaM6yJie H AttKape, KoiophIH H 6bIJI ocy~ecTBJieH patto yrpoM H rrpo.n;JIHJICH

2-3 qaca3. B pe3yJibTaTe Bee MHHHCTpbI, qHHOBHHKH H rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJIH ,ZJ;eMoKpaTHqecKoif rrapTHH 6bIJIH apecToBaHbI, pa6oTa BeJIHKoro HaQHOHaJibHoro co6paHIDI TypQHH H .n;eHCTBHe KOHCTHTYQHH 1924 r. - rrpHOCTaHOBJieHbl.

IlocJie rrepeBopoTa rocy.n;apcTBOM BpeMeHHO ynpaBJIHJI cneQHaJibHO co3.n;aHHhIH ,D;JIH 3Toro KoMHTeT HaQHOHaJihHoro e.n;HHCTBa (Milli Birlik Komitesi), cocTOHBIIIHH H3 OcPHQepoB BhICIIIero 3BeHa. HecMoTpH Ha 06- IQYIO QeJib CBeprHyrb .n;eHCTBYIO~ee rrpaBHTeJibCTBO, yqacTHHKH KOMHTe-

Ta ,ll;OJiroe BpeMH He MOrJIH .n;oroBOpHTbCH 0 6y.n;~eM CTpaHbl, IIOCKOJibKY qacTb OcPHQepOB CTpeMHJiaCb pecl>opMHpOBaTb cy~ecrnyro~yro IIOJIHTH-

qecKyro CHCTeMy rocy.n;apcrna rrocpe.n;CTBOM HCKJIIOqeHHH rrpHHQHIIa MHOrorrapTHHHOCTH H3 IIOJIHTHqecKOH CHCTeMbl TypQHH H .n;eJierHpOBaHHH BJiaCTHbIX IIOJIHOMQqHif aBTOpHTapHOMY BOeHHOMy rrpaBJieHHIO. ,ZJ;pyrHe,

1 ,ll;oKJiat1 o co6bITHHX MaH 1960 rot1a B Typ111111 URL: URL: http://www.academia. edu/5403733/27_MAYIS_1960_DARBES %C4 %BO_RAPORU.

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79

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KTOB npaBHJI, Ha KOTOpbie ,[\OJI)l{Hbl 6bIJIH onttpaTbCH BOeHHbie npH oe~eeT­ BJieHHH nepeBopoTa: BJiaeTb ,[\OJI)l{Ha 6hITb nepe,l\aHa rp~aHeKOMY npaBHTeJiheTBy2.

IloCJie ,l\OJirHX ,[\HeKYeeHH 3a oeHOBY Bee-TaKH 6bIJia npHHHTa nporpaMMa

,ll,. flOpeeJIH, a KOMHTeT npHeTYIIHJI K CTa6HJIH3au;HH BHYTpHnOJIHTHqeeKOH o6eTaHOBKH. DbIJia npHH.flTa HOBaH KOHeTHTyu;HH, O,[\HaKO B BH.l\Y oTeYTeTBH.fl qeTKOH nporpaMMhl ,[\aJibHeiinme ,[\eHeTBHH orpaHJfqHJIHeb e03,[\a- HHeM Yqpe,l\HTeJibHOro eo6pamrn, a B OKTR6pe 1961 r. 6bIJIH npOBe,[\eHbl ,[\eMOKpaTHqeeKHe Bb16opb1 B napJiaMeHT3.

BoeHHblH nepesopor 1971 roAa

IloCJie pMa pec):>opM Typeu;Koii Peerry6JIHKe Bee *e YAMOeh npeof\OJieTb

BHYTpHnOJIHTHqeeKyio Heern6HJihHOeTh. C 1965 no 1971 r. npoCJie)l{HBaJICH HeKOTOpbIH 3KOHOMHqeeKHH poCT, 6hIJI oe~eeTBJieH PM ,[\eMoKpaTttqeeKHx

npeo6pa30BaHHH, B TOM qHeJie 3aI.QHTa CB060A H B03HHKHOBeHHe HOBbIX o6I.QeeTBeHHbIX opraHH3au;ttif4, O,[\HaKO npO,l\OJI)l{aJIOeh 3TO He,[\OJirO.

3KOHOMHqeeKa.fl H nOJIHTHqeeKaH H o6eTaHOBKa Bee eI.Qe 6bIJia ,[\aJieKa OT H,l\eaJibHOH.

Bo-nepBbLX, 3TO npoRBJI.flJIOeh Ha roeyAapeTBeHHOM ypoBHe, a HMeHHO Ha ypOBHe napJiaMeHTa T'ypu;HH,r,[\e HMeJIHeh .flBHbie npOTHBOpeqHH Me)l{,l\y npe,l\eTaBHTeJIHMH napTHH enpaBef\JIHBOeTH H Pa6oqeif napTHH Typu;tttt, qTo noAphIBaJIO H TaK HeyeToifqHBYJO BHYTPHnoJIHTHqeeKyio AeHTeJihHOeTh roey,l\apeTBa.

Bo-BmopbLX, Bee 3TO yeyry6JI.HJIOeb B03HHKHOBeHHeM HOBhIX Hau;HoHaJIHeTHqeeKHX H HeJiaMHeTeKHX napTHH - K npHMepy, B03rJiaBJI.HeMOH H. 3p6aKaHOM napTHH Hau;HOHaJibHOro nop.H,l\Ka, HapO,l\HO-OeBo6o,[\HTeJih- HOH apMHH Typu;HH, napTHH Hau;ttoHaJIHeTHqeeKoro ,[\eHeTBHH H ,l\pyrHX opraHH3au;tti1, KOTOphie YKPeIIJIHJIHeh Ha c):>oHe npeKpaI.QeHHH ,[\eHTeJihHOeTH ,ll,eMOKpaTHqeeKOH napTHHs.

BpeM.H OT BpeMeHH apeeTOBhIBaJIH JIH,l\epoB peJIHrH03HhIX opraHH3au;tt:if, aKTHBH3au;HH KOTOpbIX npHillJiaeb Ha TOT nepHO,[\. TaK, B 1971 r. 6bIJI apeeTOBaH o6BHHeHHhIH B ,[\eHTeJihHOeTH, HanpaBJieHHOH npOTHB eBeTeKOeTH, nponoBef\HHK HYPA*H3Ma <I>. fJOJieH6. EoJiee Toro, no Beeif eTpaHe npoKa-

1 3anopoJ1Ce4 B. M. Typu;llil: rrpo6JieMhI soeHHO-IIOJIHT11qeCKoro pa3BHTllil. lf. I. M., 1991. c. 300.

2,l(aHwzoa B.M. Cpep;HHe CJIOH B rroJIHTHqecKott lKH3HH Typu;HH B rrepHop; rrop;roTOBKH rocyp;apcTBeHHoro rrepeBopoTa 27 M<UI 1960 r. M., 1984. C. 150.

3TaM lKe.

4Kupeea H. r. l1crnpllil... C. 313.

5TaM lKe.

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80