Vnutrennyaya_politika_Turtsii_2002-2018

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Bcex HeMycyJihMaH, KpoMe rpeKOB, 6bIJI 3aKpbrT4.

1 Anayasa Hukukuna Giri§. Gene! Esaslar ve Turk Anayasa Hukuku, 21. Bask1, Agustos 2013, p. 162.

2 TaM lKe. C. 163.

3 Cleveland W. L., Bunton M. A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Ed., Westview Press, 2009, p. 82.

4 Anayasa Hukukuna Giri§ ... p. 163.

11

Oco6eHHO BruKHoe HCTopuqecKoe co6bITHe npOH30IIIJIO B 1876 r., Kor,n;a B OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH 6hma npmulTa nepBaH ocpHQHaJlbHaH KOHCTmyu;llif rocy,n;apCTBa. KaHytty 3cacu (Kanun-u Esasi) - TaK Ha3hIBaJICJI rJiaBHhIH HOpMaTHBHO-npaBOBOH aKT rocy,11;apCTBa, HMeiow;uH: BbICIIIYIO IOpH,ll;HqeCKyio CHJiy, - CTaJI nepBblM HCTOqHHKOM npaBa, KOTOpbIH 3aIDUI HaHBbIC-

IIIYIO no3HQHIO B Hepapx1m cpe,ZJ;H ocTaJihHhIX aKTOB H ,ZJ;OKfMeHTOB. TaIOKe OhIJIH ycTaHOBJieHhI 6oJiee CJIO)l(Hbie npaBHJia H3MeHeHHH KOHCTHTYQHH no cpaBHeHHIO c ,ll;pyrHMH 3aKOHaMH, no npHqHHe qero ee MO)l(HO OTHeCTH K nHcaHhIM )l(eCTKHM KOHCTHTyQllifM.

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c ,11;pyroH: CTOpOHbl, KOHCTHTYQHH yCTaHOBHJia npHHQHnhI, KOTOpble qacTttqHo coxpaHHJIHCh H B coBpeMeHHOH TypQHH. HanpuMep, noHBHJICH npHHQHn pa3,ZJ;eJieHHH BJiaCTeH:: 3aKOHO,ZJ;aTeJibHaH BeTBb Tenepb npuHa,ZJ;- Jie)l(aJia ,ZJ;ByxnanaTHOMY napJiaMeHry. BepxHioio naJiary cocTaBJIMH JIHQa He MOJIO)l(e 40 JieT, 3aHHMalOrn;He BbICOKHe rocy,11;apCTBeHHbie noCTbl, KOTOpbie nO)l(H3HeHHO Ha3HaqaJIHCb cyJITaHOM, npHqeM HX KOJIHqecTBO He ,ll;OJI)l(HO 6hIJIO npeBbIIIIaTb O,ll;HOH TpeTH qJieHOB BTOpoH: naJiaThl, KOTOpbie, B CBOIO oqepe,ZJ;b, pa3 B qeTbipe ro,ZJ;a H36HpaJIHCb TaHHbIM roJIOCOBaHHeM Mf)l(CKHM HaceJieHHeM HMnepHH, ,ZJ;OCTHrIIIHM TPH,ZJ;QaTHJieTHero B03pacTa H HMeBIIIHM onpe,ZJ;eJieHHbIH HMyw;eCTBeHHbIH QeH3.

CHCTeMa Bb16opoB CHJibHO HanOMHHaJia aMepHKaHCKyio: OHH npoXO,ZJ;HJIH B ,ZJ;Ba :nana, B nepBoM TYPe tt36upanacb KOJIJierHH Bh16oprn;HKOB, 3a,11;aqeJ1: KOTOpbIX BO BTOpOM TYPe CTaJI OT6op ,11;enYTaTOB Me,ZJ;)l(JIHCa. Ilpe,ZJ;CTaBHTeJibCTBO Hapo,11;a OcMaHcKoH: HMnepttH B HH)l(HeH: naJiaTe napJiaMeHTa 6bIJIO, O,ZJ;HaKO BeChMa OTHOCHTeJibHOe. IlocJie H36paHHH ,ZJ;enYTaTbl npe,ZJ;- CTaBJIHJIH He KOHKpeTHblH OKpyr, a HaQHIO B QeJIOM, B pe3yJihTaTe qero OHH He HeCJIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH nepe,11; CBOHMH H36ttpaTeJIHMH. KpoMe 3TOro, KOHCTHTyQHH He npe,11;ycMaTpHBaJia npaBa 3aKOHO,ZJ;aTeJibHOH HHHQHaTJfBbl

,Zl;J1H ,ZJ;enYTaTOB.

KaK OTMeqaeT 3. A. reoprHHH, KOHCTHTYQHH OTBO,ll;HJia oco6yio pOJib IllapHaTCKHM cy,11;aM, noJIO)l(eHHH KOTOpbIX 6hIJIH BKJIIOqeHbl B KOHCTHTYQHIO no,11; ,11;aBJieHtteM yJieMoB, npe,11;cTaBHTeJieH: BhICIIIero MycyJihMaHcKoro ,11;yxoBeHCTBa, qbe BJIHHHHe B HMnepHH 6bIJIO orpOMHO. 0,ZJ;HaKo BbIHOCHTb pellleHllif 3TH cy,ZJ;hl MOrJIH HCKJIIQq}fTeJibHO no rpmK,n;aHCKHM ,ZJ;eJiaM1.

HecMOTpH Ha TO, qTo caM qrnKT npHHHTHH KOHCTHTYQHH 6blJI Ba)l(HbIM rnaroM OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH Ha nYTH K pecpopMttpoBaHHIO npaBOBOH cucTeMhI, nocJie,ZJ;HHH npocyw;ecTBOBaJia OTHOCHTeJihHO He,ZJ;OJiro. CHaqaJia

1Teopzwm 3. A Type~KM Pecrry6JIIrna. OcHOBHhie 11HCTl1T}'ThIrocy,11apcTBeHHoro CTpoH.

M. : HaYKa, 1975.

12

o6o3HaqJfJICH 11epeBeC B CTOpOHY BJiaCTH cyJITaHa, KOTOphIH 11pOHBHJICH B 11ep110,Z1; 3YJIJOMa (y)l{aca), yCTaHOBJieHHoro A6,Z1;yJioM XaMH,ll;OM II. II03- iKe 110,ll; 11pe,Z1;JioroM HaqaJia pycCKo-Typen;Koif BOHHhI B 1877 r. 6hIJI pac11y1.QeH 11apJiaMeHT, a KOHCTHTYQHH, cl_>opMaJihHO 11po,Z1;0JI)l{aBIIIaH cyI.Qe- CTBOBaTh, ,ll;e-cl_>aKTO Ha TeppHTOpHH OcMaHCKOH HM11epHH ,ll;eHCTBOBaTb 11epecTaJia.

B HaqaJie XX B., a HMeHHO B 1908 r., 11po113oIIIJia MJia,ll;OTypeQKaH peBoJIJOQHH 110,ll; pyKOBO,ll;CTBOM 061.QeCTBa «E,n;11ttett11e 11 11porpecc». IIoBcTaHQhI BOCCTaHOBHJIH KOHCTHTYQHIO 1876 r., a TaK)l{e B11epBhie 3a TpH,ll;QaTb JieT 11pOBeJIH 3ace,Z1;aHHe 11apJiaMeHTa, B pe3yJihTaTe KOTOporo B KOHCTHTYQHIO 6bIJIH BHeceHhl 11011paBKH, 3HaqlfTeJibHO paCIIIHpHBIIIHe OCHOBHhie 11paBa 11 CB060,ll;hI )l{ttTeJieif OcMaHcKoif ttM11ep1111. K 11p11Mepy, 6hIJIH BBe,ll;eHhI 3a11peThI Ha tte11paB0Boe 3a,Z1;ep)l{att11e 11 n;ett3ypy, a TaK)l{e 11paBo Ha Taiftty 11epe1111CKH H CB060,Z1;y co6paHHH H opraHH3aQHH.

TaKttM o6pa30M, ttMeHHO TOr,ll;a B Typn;1111 6hrna 3aJIO)l{eHa 11paB0BaH OCHOBa 110CTel1eHHOro OTXO,ll;a OT a6COJIIOTHOH MOHapxttH JIH6o K KOHCTHTYQHOHHOH, Jitt6o K pec11y6JI11Ke, qTo MHpOBOe coo6I.QeCTBO H MOrJIO tta6JIIO,ll;aTh ~e qepe3 15 JieT, KOr,ll;a 110CJie pa3BaJia OcMaHcKoif HM11ep1111 11 ttan;110HaJihHO-oCB060,Z1;ttTeJihHOH BOHHhI B 1923 r. 6hIJIO 11pOB03rJiaIIIeHo C03,ll;aHtte Typen;Koif Pecrry6JittKH.

Ha BoccTaHOBJieHHH KOHCTHTYQHH 11paBOBh1e pecl_>opMhI rocy,Z1;apcTBa He 3aK0Hq11JI11ch. IIo,ll; BJIHHHtteM cl_>pattn;y3cKoro yroJIOBHoro KO,ll;eKca

1810 r. OcMaHcKaH HM11ep11H 11p11H11MaeT cBoif attaJior, a qYTh 1103)1{e, B 1850

11 1860 rr., ocYI.QeCTBmieT pen;e11n;1110 cl_>paHQY3CKHX TOprosoro 11 Toprosoro 11pon;eccyaJihttoro Ko,z:i;eKcoB. O,z:i;ttaKo BBe,z:i;etttte rpa:lK,z:i;attcKoro Ko,z:i;eKca, ,ll;a:lKe 6e3 CeMeHHOro If HaCJie,ll;CTBeHHOro 11paBa, 6hIJIO 3a6JIOKttpoBaHO KOHcepBaTHBHblMH KpyraMH1,

fpa:lK,z:i;aHCKOe 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJihCTBO 3a11a,Z1;HOro o6pa3n;a 3aTparHBaJIO Te ccl_>ephl, KOTOphie B OcMaHCKOH HM11epHH Tpa,ll;HQHOHHO peryJIHpOBaJIHCb HCJiaMCKHM 11paBOM, B qaCTHOCTH ceMeHHhie If HaCJie,ll;CTBeHHhie OTHOIIIeHHH, 1103TOMY 11011blTKa 3aHMCTBOBaHHH ,ll;aHHOH OTpaCJIH 11pasa, oqeBH,ll;HO, 6hrna 11pe)K,ll;eBpeMeHHoif.

,lVIH yperyJittpoBaHHH ,z:i;aHHOH KOJIJIH3HH B 1869-1877 rr. 6bIJia 11pHHHTa Ma,ll;)l{aJIJia - Kpy11HeHIIIaH Ko,z:i;11cl_>11Kan;11H HOpM MycyJihMaHCKoro 11paBa, KOTOpaH KacaJiaCh If rpa)l{,ll;aHCKHX OTHOIIIeHHH. 3TO co6hITHe CTaJIO 11epBhIM B HCTOpHH, KOr,z:i;a HOpMbl IIIapHaTa B COOTBeTCTBHH c eBpo11eifCKHM o6pa3QOM 6hIJIH BOCI1pOH3Be,z:i;eHhl B cl_>opMe 11aparpacl_>os H BCryrrHJIH B CHJIY Ha OCHOBaHHH aKTa rocy,ll;apCTBeHHOH BJiaCTH.

Tpemuii nepuoa (1918-2011) xapaKTep113yeTrn 110Jittoif BeCTepHH3a- n;11eif Typen;Koro 11paBa. IIocJie KeMaJIHCTCKOH peBOJIJOQHH Typn;ttH 11p11HHJia peIIIeHHe 0 110JIHOH ,z:i;ettCJiaMH3aQHH cyI.QeCTBYJOI.QeH 11paBOBOH CHCTeMhl.

IIepBaR 110CTOCMaHCKaR KOHCTHTYQHR BCryrrHJia B CHJIY y:lKe B 1921 r. HecMoTpR Ha cBoif speMeHHhIH xapaKTep 11 tte6oJihIIIoif pa3Mep Cotta co-

1 0Me.Jlb'lett1w 0. A. YKa3. coq, C. 276.

13

CTOHJia Bcero H3 23 CTaTett), OHa IOpH,ll;HqecKH 3aKpemrna rJiaBHOe ,ll;OCTH- )l(eHHe peBOJIIOI.J;HH, a HMeHHO - rrepexo,a; OT MOHapXHH K pecrry6JIHKe. BJiaCTh B rocy,a;apcTBe OTHbIHe rrpHHa,a;Jie)l(aJia TYPeI.J;KOMY Hapo,a;y, a <PopMOtt rocy,a;apcTBeHttoro rrpaBJieHm1 o<PHu;HaJihHO 6hma rrpH3HaHa pecrry6JIHKa.

I1HTepeCHbIM rrpH3HaKOM HOBOH KOHCTHTYI.J;HH CTaJI OTXO,ll; H OT pa3,ll;eJieHHJI BJiaCTett, KOTOpbIH He TaK ,a;aBHO 6hIJI BBe,D;eH B pe3yJibTaTe MJia,ll;OTYPeu;- KOH peBOJIIOI.J;HH. TaKHe H3MeHeHmr CTaJIH CBOeo6pa3HbIM OTBeTOM Ha XO,ll; Han;HoHaJihHO-ocB060,a;HTeJibHOtt BOttHhI, B paMKax KOTopoH: rypeu;Kafl apMmr 6opoJiaCb c HHTepBeHTaMH B JIHI.J;e aHrJIHqaH, <PpaHI.J;y30B H rpeKOB. 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibHafl H HCIIOJIHHTeJibHafl BJiaCTb Terrepb 6bIJla cocpe,a;oToqeHa B PYKax rrapJiaMeHTa (Me,ll;)l(JIHCa). ,ll;oJI)l(HOCTh rrpe3H,D;eHTa KOHCTHTYI.J;Hfl He yCTattaBJIHBaJia, a rJiaBott rocy,a;apcTBa <PopMaJihHO 5IBJIHJIC5I rrpe,a;ce,a;a- TeJib rrapJiaMeHTa.

KpoMe 3Toro, KOHCTHTYI.J;Hfl 1921 r. He rrpe,a;rroJiaraJia co6JI10,a;ettm1 rrpHH- n;Hrra He3aBHCHMOCTH cy,a;a H HecMeHfleMOCTH cy,a;eH:, IIOCKOJibKY cy,a;e6Hafl BJiaCTb He 6bIJia OT,ll;eJieHa H 3aBHCeJia OT rrapJiaMeHTa, a HeKOTOpbie qJieHbl rrapJiaMeHTa H36HpaJIHCb B KaqecTBe cy,a;eH: ,ll;JI5I crren;HaJibHhIX cy,a;oB, rrpe,a;- ycMoTpeHHhIX ,ll;Jlfl qpe3BbJqa:i1:HbIX CJiyqaeB.

OKoHqaTeJihHO rrepexo,a; K pecrry6JIHKe 6bm 3aKpeIIJieH ,ll;BYMH perneHH- f!MH Me,ll;)l(JIHCa B 1922 r.: O,ll;HO H3 Hl1X pa3,ll;eJIHJIO IIOH5ITHJI cyJITaHa 11 XaJil1- <PaTa, a BTOpoe o<P11u;11aJibHO OTMeHHJIO cyJITaHaT. TaKHM o6pa30M XaJil1<PaT, Cl1CTeMa 11CJiaMCKOro TeoKpaT11qecKoro rocy,a;apCTBa, OCTaJICfl, HO rrpocyiu;e- CTBOBaJI OTHOCl1TeJibHO He,a;oJiro - ,ll;O 1924 r., KOr,a;a 6bIJI OTMeHeH B paMKax HOBOH KOHCTl1TYI.J;l111.

0CHOBHOH 3aKOH 1924 r. 6bIJI IIp11H5IT c u;eJiblO C03,ll;aTb rrpaBOBYJO ocHOBY )l(l13Hl1 y)l(e B M11pHoe BpeMfl. B HeM 6bIJil1 ,a;eKJiap11poBaHbl OCHOBbl Typeu;Koro o6II.J;eCTBa, KOTOpbie 11MelOT 60JibIIIOe 3HaqeH11e 11 ,ll;Jlfl COBpeMeHHOH Typu;1111. Harrp11Mep, 113HaqaJihHO KOHCT11Tyn;11H co,a;ep)l(aJia CTaThIO 0 TOM, qTo rocy,a;apCTBeHHOH peJI11r11e:i1: B CTpaHe 5IBJI5IeTC5I 11CJiaM, O,ll;HaKO B 1928 r. ,a;aHHaf! CTaTbfl 6hIJia 11CKJIJOqeHa 113 ,ll;OKyMeHTa 11 3aMeHeHa rrorrpaBKOH 1937 r., yCTaHOBl1BIIIe:i1: B KaqecTBe O,ll;HOH 113 OCHOB rocy,a;apcTBa rrp11HI.J;l1II CBeTCKOCTl1 (laiklik ilkesi). Ero BCKOpe ,ll;OIIOJIHHJI11 eII.J;e qeThipe - pecrry6JI11KaH113M (cumhuriyeti;:ilik), Hau;110HaJI113M 11JI11 yttHTap113M (milliyeti;:ilik)'HapO,ll;Hafl ,a;eMOKpaTl15I (halki;:ihk) 11 pe<PopMl13M (inkilapi;:ihk) i.

,ll;aHHaf! KOHCT11TYI.J;115I B IIp5IMOM CMbICJie CJIOBa OTKpbIJia IIYTb ,ll;eMOKpaTl111. BrrepBbie 3a BCIO 11CT0p1110 Typu;1111 B 1934 r. )l(eHII.J;l1Hbl IIOJiyqHJil1

rrpaBO rOJIOCOBaTb (no KOHCTl1TYI.J;l111 1876 r. 113611paTb ,a;errYTaTOB MOrJil1 TOJihKO M~q11Hb1). EoJiee Toro, 6bIJIO peu;11rr11poBaHo poMaHo-repMaHcKoe

rrpaBo.

B KaqecTBe 06pa3u;a 6hIJil1 11crroJib30BaHb1 Ko,a;eKChI 11 3aKOHhI pa3JI11qHhIX eBporreHCKl1X CTpaH - <l>paHI.J;l111, illBe:i1:u;ap1111, I1TaJil111, fepMaHl111.

1 KoHCTHT]'llIDI Typ~HH 1924 ro,'la. URL: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa24. htm.

14

TaK, HOBbIH rpa~aHCKHH Ko,n;eKC, BBe,n;eHHbIH B Typ1.vrn B 1926 r., BOCTipOH3BO,ll;H.ll c He60JihllIHMH H3MeHeHIDIMH aHaJior lllBeifu;apHH (B pe,n;aK- 1.l;HH 1911 r.), HOBbIH yrOJIOBHbIH KO,n;eKC BOCTipOH3BO,ll;HJI aHaJIOr l1TaJIHH

1889 r., yroJIOBHO-Tipou;eccyaJihHbIH KO,n;eKC 6bm 3aHMCTBOBaH y fepMaHHH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, Typu;IDI B 1926 r. TIOJIHOTipaBHO BOIIIJia B poMaHo-repMaH- CKyIO TipaBOBYJO ceMhlO.

IloCJie BoettHoro TiepesopOTa 1961 r. KOHCTHTYQIDI 1924 r. 6bma 3aMeHeHa, a cospeMeHHhIH ocHOBHOH 3aKOH Typu;HH, KaK }')KeOTMe'IaJIOCh,6hm C03,ll;aH B 1982 r. ,aaHH(ll[ KOHCTHTJl.l;HH HBJIHeTCH pe3yJihTaTOM TipaBOBOH ,n;eHTeJihHOCTH Typu;HH, KOTOphitt co6ttpaJ1CH TYPeu;KHMH 3aKoHo,n;aTeJIHMH Ha TipOTH)KeHHH ,n;syx BeKOB. EoJiee TIO,n;po6HO ,n;aHHbIH BOTipoc OCBeru;eH B pa3,n;eJiax, TIOCBHl.ll;eHHbIX cospeMeHHOMY Tipasy Typu;HH.

l/emBepmbLU nepuoo. IlocJie oqepe,n;Hoif TI06e,n;h1 IlapTHH cnpase,n;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTIDI Ha Bb16opax B 2011 r. Ha'IaJIOCbpecpopMHpOBaHHe 3aKOHO- ,n;aTeJihCTBa c yqeTOM MycyJihMaHCKHX Tpa,n;Hu;Hif.

1.B Tpy,n;osoif Ko,n;eKC 6hmH BHeceHbl TIOTipaBKH, COrJiaCHO KOTOpbIM pa6oTo,n;aTeJib He MO)KeT KaKHM-JIH6o o6pa30M HaKa3aTb pa60THHKa, eCJIH TOT B TIHTHHu;y TIOKHHYJI pa6ozy paHbIIIe orosopeHHoro B Tpy,n;oBOM ,n;orosope BpeMemi:, 'IT06bITIOHTH B Me'IeTbH COBepIIIHTb HaMa3.

2.EhmO TIOCJie,n;oBaTeJibHO pa3peIIIeHO HOIIIeHHe XH,ll;)Ka6a B yttHBepcHTeTax, rocy,n;apCTBeHHbIX yqpe~eHIDIX H IIIKOJiax.

3.B ,n;eKa6pe 2015 r. 6bm C03,ll;aH focy,n;apcTBeHHbIH COBeT TIO pa3BHTHIO HCJiaMcKoro cpHHaHcosoro ceKTopa B Typu;HH.

4.B HOH6pe 2016 r. TipeMbep-MHHHCTp CTpaHbl Bbl,n;BHHYJI 3aKOHOTipoeKT, corJiaCHO KOTOpOMY BHOCH.lIHCb TIOTipaBKH B yroJIOBHbIH Ko,n;eKC, ,n;eKpHMHHaJIH3HpYJOl.ll;He TIOJIO)KeHHH 0 TIOJIOBOM HaCIDIHH TIPOTHB HecosepIIIeHHOJleTHHX, eCJIH HaCHJlbHHK BTIOCJie,n;CTBHH 06513yeTCH )KeHHTbCH Ha csoeif )KepTBe.

B CB513H co CJIO)KHBIIIettCH c11zyau;11eif B03HHK BOTipoc: MO)KHO JIH BbI.,n;e- JIHTb cospeMeHHbie Tipeo6pa30BaHH51 B HOBbIH 3TaTI TipaBOBOH HCTOpHH Typu;HH? XapaKTep113yeTCH OH TeM, 'ITOTipOHCXO,ll;HT peu;eTiu;HH OT,ll;eJibHblX 3JleMeHTOB HCJiaMCKoro TipaBa TIPH o6ru;eM coxpaHeHHH roCTIO,ll;CTBa KOHTHHeHTaJlbHOro Tipasa BO scex ccpepax o6ru;ecTBeHHOtt )KH3HH.

EcJIH 3TO TaK, TO MO)KHO 3aHBHTh, 'ITOTypu;HH HBJIHeTCH Tiepsoif cTpaHOtt Ha EJIH)KHeM BocTOKe, KOTOpM TIPOIIIJia TIOJIHbIH Kpyr OT pecpopMHpoBaHHH HCJiaMCKoro Tipasa TIO espoTieHCKOMY 06pa3u;y ,n;o BHe,n;peHHH 3aHOBO OT,ll;eJihHbIX 3JleMeHTOB HCJlaMCKoro Tipasa B CBOelO TipaBOIO CHCTeMy. EoJiee 'IeTKOBech 3TOT Tipou;ecc MO)KHO ou;eHHTb TIO TipHBe,n;eHHOH ,n;aJiee cxeMe (pHC. 1).

TaK)Ke B o6JiaCTH rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHHH TIOCTeTieHHO Tipoxo- ,ll;HT Tiepexo,n; OT TiapJiaMeHTCKOH cpopMbl TipasJieHIDI K Tipe3H,n;eHTCKOH, 'ITO, B qacTHOCTH, Haxo,n;HT CBOe BOIIJIOl.ll;eHHe B TipoeKTe HOBOH, IIHTOH TIO cqezy, KOHCTHTYQHH CTpaHhl1.

1 Anayasa degi§ikligi Meclis'e sunuldu! i§te degi§ikligi planlanan maddeler. URL: http:/I www.milliyet.eom.tr/anayasa-degisiklik-teklifi-meclis-t-siyaset-2359471/.

15

11CJiaMcKoe npaBo

B OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH

(Haqan:o XIX B.)

Btt~peHHe

PeQemurn

::meMeHTOB

HCJiaMCKoro npaBa

eBponeH:cKoro npaBa

(XXI B.)

(XIX - Haqan:o xx B.)

Bxo~eHHe

BpoMaHo-repMaHCKYJO npaBOB}'lOceMbIO

(XX B.)

Puc. 1. CxeMa pecl>opM111poeaH111R 111cnaMcKoro npaea

CospeMeHHoe KOHCTMTY"'MOHHoenpaso Typ"'1r11r1

B COOTBeTCTBMH c T)'PeQKOHrrpaBOBOH ,ll;OKTpHHOH CMCTeMa MCTQqHMKOB

rrpaBa MMeeT orrpe,n;e.n:eHHYJO cpopMy (pttc. 2).

Puc. 2. l.1cTO~H111K111 npaea e Typ4111111

16

Ha1160Jiee BIDKHbIM HCTOqHl1KOM npaBa RBJUleTCH 3aKOH, KOTOpbIH HMeeT BbICIIIYJO IOpH,ll;HqecKyio CHJIY 11 np11HHMaeTc.s:i 11cKJIIOq11TeJibHO BeJI11K11M HaQ110HaJibHbIM co6paHHeM TypQHl1 (nap;rnMeHTOM cTpaHbI). ~a.11ee H,ll;YT peIIIeHl1.s:!, 11MeIOIQl1e CHJIY 3aKOHa, 11Jil1 op,a;oHaHCbl, TO eCTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe ,a;ener11poBaHHoe 3aKoHo,a;aTeJibCTBO. TaK11e peIIIeH11.s:1 np11H11MaIOTCH CoBeTOM MHH11CTpOB B oco6bIX CJiyqa.s:ix, Kor,a;a Tpe6yeTCH B ycKopeHHOM

nop.s:i,a;Ke yperyJI11poBaTb Te 11Jil1 HHbie npaBOOTHOIIIeHHR.

Op,a;oHaHCbl He MOrYT 3aTpar11BaTb TaK11e BOIIpOCbl, KaK, Hanp11Mep, JIHqHbie npaBa H o6.s:i3aHHOCTl1 rpa)l{,ll;aHHHa. TaK11e HOpMaTHBHo-npaBo- Bbie aKTbl .s:!BJUIIOTCH BpeMeHHbIMH H ,ll;OJI)KHbl qepe3 KaKOH-TO nep110,a; 3aMe-

H.s:!TbCH 3aKOHaMH.

Ha TpeTbeM MeCTe HaXOMTCH IIO,ll;3aKOHHbie aKTbl, KOTOpbie TaK)Ke np11Hl1MaIOTCH CoBeTOM MHHl1CTpOB, HO 113,ll;aIOTC.s:! B OCHOBHOM ,ll;JIR TOJIKOBaHl1.s:! HOpMaTl1BHO-IIpaBOBbIX aKTOB 11 pa3'b.s:!CHeHl1.s:!,KaK ,ll;OJI)KeH peaJIH30-

BbIBaTbCH TOT 11Jil1 11HOH 3aKOH.

Ha qeTBepToM MecTe - peIIIeH11.s:i CoBeTa M11H11cTpoB, Ha n.s:iTOM -

,a;11peKTl1Bbl, KOTOpbie onpe,a;eJJRIOT pa6ory OT,ll;eJibHbIX Ml1Hl1CTepCTB 11 IOp11- ,a;11qecKl1X JI11Q ny6JI11qHoro npaBa.

CyIQeCTBYIOT TaK)Ke ,a;Ba Tl1IIa BCIIOMoraTeJibHbIX 11CTOqHl1KOB npaBa -

,ll;OKTp11Ha 11 ,cy,a;e6Ha.s:i npaKTHKa, 3a Bbipa60TKY KOTOpo:H OTBeTCTBeHeH KaccaQ110HHbIH cy,a; TypQ1111.

npaBOBOe nono>KeHMe Ha"'MOHanbHblXMeHbWlr1HCTB

B Typ"'1r11r1

HaQl10HaJibHbIH BOIIpoc BCer,a;a 6bm 11 OCTaeTC.s:! O,ll;Hl1M 113 Ha1160Jiee Ba)K- HbIX c MOMeHTa IIO.s:!BJieHl1.s:! rocy,a;apcrna B 1923 r. l..J:To6bI CTpaHa He IIOBTOpHJia cy,a;b6b1 OcMaHCKOH 11Mnep1111, ocH0BaTen11 pecny6JI11K11 cTpeMHJil1Cb KaK MO)KHO npoqHee 3aKpen11Tb yH11TapHbIH 11 He,a;eJil1MbIH cTaTyc HOBOH TypQHl1. fJiaBHhie IIIar11 Ha 3TOM IIYTl1 6hm11 c,a;enaHbI B c<!>epe KOHCTl1TYQl10HHoro 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibCTBa, Kor,a;a B paMKax nonpaBOK KO BTOpo:H KOHCTl1-

TYQl111 'fypQ11116bmo BBe,a;eHo IIOHRT11e «HaQl10HaJil13Ma 11JI11 yH11Tap113Ma»

(milliyetc;ilik).

3To npe,a;cTaBJieH11e He HMeeT H11qero o6IQero c HaQ110HaJil13MOM

B COBpeMeHHOM IIOHl1MaHl1H. HaH60Jiee qeTKHM Bbipa)KeHHeM ,a;aHHOro IIOH.s:!TH.s:I CTaJia CT. 66 COBpeMeHHOH KOHCTl1TYQl111 TypeQKOH Pecny6JIHKH, KOTopa.s:i 3aKpen11Jia: Bee, KTO CBR3aH c TypeQKl1M rocy,a;apCTBOM qepe3 HHCTHTYT rpa)l{,ll;aHCTBa, RBAAIOTC.s:i TYPKaMH.

BnocJie,a;cTBl1H no noBo,a;y 3TOH CTaTbH KoHCTHTYQHOHHbIH cy,a; BbICKa3aJic.s:i CJie,ll;YJOIQl1M o6pa30M: B ,a;aHHOM CJiyqae IIOH.s:!THe «TYPOK» He HeceT B ce6e HaQHOHaJibHOrO KOMIIOHeHTa, a np.s:iMa.s:i rpa)K,a;aHCKa.s:i CB.s:!3b c TypeQKHM rocy,a;apcTBOM He no,a;pa3yMeBaeT 0Tp:ttQaH11.s:i 3TH11qecKHX KopHe:H rpa)l{,ll;aH. 3anpeIQaeTCH He ,a;eMOHCTpaQHR KYJibTYPHbIX pa3JI:ttq:tt:H, a HCIIOJib30BaHHe HX B KaqeCTBe OCHOBbl ,ll;Jl.s:! B03Hl1KHOBeHH.s:! Ha Tepp:ttTO-

17

pHH Typen;Ko:ii Pecrry6JIHKH MeHhIIIHHCTB, KOTOphre 6y.zzyT ITo,n;phIBaTh Han;H- OHaJihHOe e,n;HHCTBO CTPaHhI.

0,n;HaKO TaKa.H TpaKTOBKa He ycTpaHBaeT MaJihie Hap0,1.1,hI, :>KHByin;He Ha TeppHTOpHH Typn;HH, ITOCKOJihKY cnoco6crnyeT HX OTpbIBY OT p0,1.1,HOH KYJihTYPhI H HaCHJihHO ITpHo6rn;aeT K rropo:H qY:>K,IJ,OH HM TYPen;Ko:ii KYJih-

TYPe.

Ern;e 0,1.1,HH HHTepeCHhIH cpaKT 3aKJI10qaeTCfl B TOM, qTo ITOMHMO KOHCTHTYQHH B Typn;HH ,n;o He,n;aBHero BpeMeHH 6hm Bcero 0,1.1,HH HOpMaTHBHOITpaBOBOH aKT, KOTOphIH peryJIHpOBaJI rrpaBa MeHhllIHHCTB - Jlo3aHHCKHH MHpHbIH ,n;orOBOp 1923 r.1 ,Ll;o ITpHxo,a;a K BJiaCTH napTHH CITpaBe,n;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTHfl B 2002 r. H HaqaJia ,n;eMOKpaTH3aQHH, CB.H3aHHOH c :>KeJiaHHeM Typn;HH BCTyrrHTh B EBpoITe:iicKHH coI03, rocy,a;apcTBO 6oJihIIIe He 3HaJio

HCToqHHKOB ITpaBa, peryJIHPYIOIQHX ,a;aHHhIH BOITpoc.

TaKa.H oco6eHHOCTh Typen;KOH ITpaBOBOH CHCTeMbI, c 0,1.1,HOH CTOpOHbI, BhICTyrraeT ocHOBOH coxpaHeHHR n;eJIOCTHOCTH rocy,n;apcTBa, o,n;HaKo, c ,n;pyro:H cTopoHhI, f!BMeTC.H HCToqHHKOM ,n;pyrux BHYTPHrocy,n;apcTBeHHhIX ITpo6JieM, B03HHKalOin;HX ITO ITpHqHHe Toro, qTo ITO,n;o6Hhie ITpHHll;HITbI He yqHTbIBaIOT B ITOJIHOH Mepe HHTepeCOB Han;HOHaJihHhIX MeHbllIHHCTB, B ITepBYIQ

oqepe,n;h Kyp,n;cKoro HaceJieHHfl.

YqHTbIBaf!, qTo ,n;aHHaR ITpo6JieMa ITepepocJia B ttacTORin;HH TYPen;KoKyp,ll;CKHH KOHcpJIHKT, TYPeQKHMH 3aKotto,n;aTeMMH ITPH coxpaHeHHH cyin;e- CTBYIOIQe:H KOHCTHTYQHH 6hm ITpe,n;ITpHHRT PM Mep, B TOM quCJie 3aKOHOB, HaITpaBJieHHbIX Ha ycTpaHeHHe ,ll;HCKpHMHHaQHH ITO Han;HOHaJibHOMY ITPH-

3Haey. PaccMOTPHM HeKoTophre 113 Httx.

B qacTHOCTH, CTOHT OTMeTHTh BHeCeHHe IIOITpaBOK B CT. 42 KOHCTHTY- n;1111 B 2001 r.2 ,LJ;o 3Toro B Typn;HH 6hmo ocpHn;HaJihHO JaITpern;eHhI o6pa3oBaTeJihHa.H ,n;ef!TeJibHOCTh He Ha ocpHll;HaJibHOM fl3hIKe pecITy6JIHKH, KOTOpbIM ITO CT. 2 KOHCTHTyn;HH f!BJifleTCfl TYPeQKHH, B TOM q11cJie H ITpeITo,n;aBaHHe

.H3hIKOB Han;HoHaJihHhIX MeHbllIHHCTB. r. ITpeITo,n;aBaHHe po,n;Horo

R3hIKa Ha cITen;11aJibHhIX Kypcax ocpHn;HaJibHO cTaJio pa3peIIIeHo. B aITpeJie

2004 r. B r. EaTMaH 6hmH OTKphIThI ITepBhie KypChI Kyp,ll;CKoro f!3hIKa, o,n;HaKo CJIO:>KHa.H 610poKpaTHqecKa.H ITpon;e,a;ypa, Heo6xo,n;11Ma.H ,ll;Jifl HX cpyttKll;HOHHpoBaHHfl, B coqeTaHHH c OTCYTCTBHeM CITpoca Ha ,n;aHHYIO ,n;eR:TeJihHOCTh ITpHBeJIH K HX CKOpOMY 3aKpbITHIO.

lJTO KacaeTC.H HCITOJih30BaHHfl ,n;pyr11x fl3hIKOB B ocpHll;HaJibHOM ,ll;OKYMeHTOo6opoTe, TO ITO 3TOMY ITOBO,n;y B Typen;KHX 3aKOHax HeT ocpHn;ttaJibHOH HHcpOpMan;1111. 0,n;HaKO ern;e B CT. 39 Jlo3aHHCKOro ,n;oroBopa 6hmo 3aKpeITJieHo: Ka)K,1.1,bIH rpa)K,D;aHHH Typn;HH, He rOBOpRin;HH IIO-TYPeQKH, HMeeT

ITpaBO Ha BbICryrrJieHHe ITepe,a; cy,n;oM Ha CBOeM po,n;HOM fl3bIKe.

,Ll;aJibHeHIIIHe pecpopMbl KOCHYJIHCh HCITOJib30BaHHfl HeocpHn;HaJibHhIX

fl3bIKOB B cpe,n;crnax MaCCOBOH HHcpopMaQHH TaK, c 2001

1Ban§ andla§mas1 (Traile de Paix) Lozan, 24 Temmuz 1923. URL: http://sam.baskent. edu.tr/belge/Lozan_TR.pdf.

2Ibrahim 6. Kaboglu. 2001 Anayasa Degi§iklikleri: Ulusal-Ostii Etkiden Ulusal Tepkiye. URL: http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/files/pdf./anayasa_yargisi/anyarg19/kaboglu.pdf.

18

rpaQaHCKOe H yronOBHOe CYAOnpOH3BOACTBO

0CHOBHOe OTJIWIHe cyp;oB ,ll;aHHOro BH,ll;a B TOM, qTO OHH paccMaT{JHBalOT ,ll;eJia, KOTOpbie He paccMaT{JHBalOT Bee OCTaJibHbie cy,ll;hl. BIDKHo, qTo HMeHHO 3TH yqpe)l{,ll;eHIDI paccMaT{JHBaJOT 60JibIIIHHCTBO 3KOHQMWieCKHX cnopoB, KacaIOII.\HXOI ceMettHbIX H HaCJiep;CTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH, a TaIOKe yrOJIOBHbie p;ena, c KOTOpbIMH Ha1160Jiee qacTo CTaJIKHBaIOTOI PMOBbie rpa)l{,ll;aHe.

fpa)l{,ll;aHCKOe H yrOJIOBHOe cyp;onpOH3BO,ll;CTBO JIBJIBeTCfl ,ll;ByxypOBHeBbIM. Ha nepBOM ypOBHe HaxO,ll;flTOI ,ll;Ba BH,ll;a cyp;oB: rpa)l{,ll;aHCKHH (hukuk) H yroJIOBHhitt ( ceza).

fpa)l{,ll;aHCKHe cyp;bl ,ll;eJIRTCfl Ha o6~He H cneu;HaJibHbie. 06ll\He BKJllOqaroT B ce6H MHpOBOH rpa)l{,ll;aHCKHH cyp; (Sulh Hukuk) H OCHOBHOH rpIDK- p;aHCKHH cyp; (Asliye Hukuk)l. Pa3HHu;a Me)l{,ll;y HHMH 3aKJiroqaeTCH B TOM, qTo cnopbl u;eHOH MeHbIIIe 5000 JIHP paccMaTpHBalOTOI MHpOBbIMH cyp;aMH. Cnopbl, u;eHa KOTOpbIX 6oJibIIIe, HaxO,ll;flTOI B KOMneTeHI.J;HH OCHOBHbIX rpIDK- p;aHCKHX cyp;oB.

y cneu;HaJibHblX cyp;oB eCTb qeTKO onpep;eJieHHafl KOMneTeHI.J;HR, OHH paccMaT{JHBalOT TOJlbKO ,ll;eJia onpep;eneHHOH KaTeropHH, HanpHMep:

•cyp; no ToproBbIM cnopaM;

•cyp; no TPY,ll;OBbIM cnopaM;

•cyp; no ceMettHhIM cnopaM;

•cyp; no 3eMeJihHhIM cnopaM;

•cyp; no ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIM cnopaM;

•cyp; no HaJioroBbIM cnopaM.

YrOJIOBHbie cyp;bl nepBOH HHCTaHu;HH 6brnaIOT Tpex BH,ll;OB:

•MHpOBOH yroJIOBHbIH cyp; (sulh ceza) c KOMneTeHu;Heif ,ll;O ,ll;Byx JieT JIHIIIeHHfl CB060,ll;hl;

•ocHoBHoH: yroJIOBHhitt cyp; (asliye·ceza);

•yrOJIOBHbIH cyp; no TR:>KKHM yroJIOBHbIM npeCTyrrJieHHRM (agir ceza) c KOMneTeHu;Heif 6oJiee 10 JieT JIHIIIeHIDI CB060,ll;bl.

Cyp;oM BhICIIIeif HHCTaHI.J;HH RBJIBeTOI Kaccau;ttoHHhitt cyp; (Yarg1tay). Ero KOMneTeHu;HR onpep;eJIHeTOI CT. 154 KoHCTHTYI.J;HH Typeu;Koif Pecrry6JIHKH. OH BhIHOCHT peIIIeHHH no Hatt6oJiee CJIO)l{HhIM p;eJiaM. EoJiee Toro, 3TH peIIIeHHR nOTOM CTaHOBflTOI o6pa3u;OM ,ll;Jlfl cyp;oB nepBOH HHCTaHI.J;HH.

rpa>KAaHCKOe M'laCTHOenpaBO

B Typu;HH, B OTJIHqHe OT PoccHH, Cfll\eCTByeT TaK Ha3brnaeMbitt p;yanH3M qacTHOfO npaBa. B pep Bee BonpOCbl, CBH3aHHbie c HMfll\eCTBeHHbIMH OTHOIIIeHHflMH, peryJIHPYIOTCfl O,ll;HOH OTpaCJiblO rpa)l{,ll;aHCKOfO npaBa. EOJibIIIHHCTBO HOPM (op;HaKO He Bee), KaCalOII.\HXOI rpa)l{,ll;aHCKoro npaBa, cop;ep- )l{aTrn B O,ll;HOM 6oJihIIIOM HCToqHHKe - fpa)l{,ll;aHCKOM Kop;eKce PoccttH:cKoH: <l>ep;epau;HH, COCTOflll\eM H3 qeTbipex qacTeH:.

1 0 rpa)f{,llaHCKMX cy,11ax: 3aKoH Type11Koi1 Pecrry6JIHKH. URL: http://www.mevzuat.gov. tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6100.pdf.

20