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Vnutrennyaya_politika_Turtsii_2002-2018

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I Bohannon J. Turkish academics pay price for speaking out on Kurds. URL: http://www. sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/turkish-academics-pay-price-speaking-out-kurds.

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1 3pJZUXMaH B. HerroKopeHHbie / / Po,111rna. NQ 8. 2006. C. 75-78.

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1 focpal1l.ilH M.A. Kyp~bI 1'yp111111 BHOBeiirnee BpeMH. EpeBaH: NiacTaH, 1990. C.61-114.

2 Kupeee H. r. l1crnpIDI ... C. 167.

3 focpal1l.ilH M.A. YKa3. coq. C. 150.

169

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1 I'acpamRH M. A YKa3. coq. C. 156.

2 Karpe 0. Osmanh'dan Cumhuriyet'e Ayaklanmalar. istanbul, Paraf, 2013, p. 332.

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