- •Пособие по английскому языку
- •От автора
- •1 The Traditional Economy
- •Translate this summary of the text into English:
- •2 The Market Economy
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Translate these sentences using the new words of the text:
- •3 The Planned Economy
- •Find answers to these questions in the text:
- •4 The Mixed Economy
- •4.2 Decide, whether these statements are true or false:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Complete the rows of word families, as in the example (with the words which were in the texts):
- •4 Complete the sentences with correct words given below:
- •5 Money
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word
- •Using information from the text name some advantages and drawbacks of:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •6.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •1 Circle the word in each group which does not fit.
- •2 Give the right word for these definitions.
- •3 Translate the following sentences.
- •4 Complete each sentence with a word or a phrase from below:
- •5 Answer these questions according to the text or from your own life experience:
- •6Write a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim is to attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the services the bank offers. Try to use the words from the texts.
- •7 Inflation
- •7.2 Answer the following questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unemployment
- •Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •9 Poverty
- •9.2Insert the following words and word combinations into the gaps in this text: five, different, relative, low-income, single parents, poverty, money, depression, school, die, to have a baby, divorce:
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
- •Retell the text according to the plan (12-15 sentences)
- •Revision III ( texts 7 – 9 )
- •2 Answer these questions according to the texts or from your own life experience:
- •3 Read the following text and draw a chart for the unemployment in the two countries over the given period:
- •Wealth, Income and Inequality
- •Answer the questions:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •Less Developed Countries
- •Say, whether these sentences are true or false:
- •Translate these sentences into English:
- •Monopolies
- •Match the phrases with their definitions:
- •12.3 Insert the words and word combinations in the gaps of the text: price, danger, demand, spend, world, consumers, petrol:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision IV ( texts 10 – 12 )
- •1 Match the words and phrases with their definitions:
- •3 Choose the correct word in the sentences:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •The Labour Market
- •Put in the missing words into the sentences according to the text:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Factors of Production
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
- •Translate into English:
- •Division of Labour
- •Find in the text suitable words to the following definitions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Government Revenue and Spending
- •Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 30 minutes):
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision V ( texts 13 – 16 )
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Find a word in the text to match the definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 40 minutes):
- •18 Fiscal Policy
- •Answer the questions to the text:
- •Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •19 Monetary Policy
- •19.2 Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •20 The Law of Demand
- •20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
- •20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- •21.2 Answer the questions to the text:
- •21.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VI ( texts 17 - 21 )
- •2 Finish the sentences according to the contents of the texts:
- •3 Insert the words and word combinations into the text: income, products, measure, change, exist, population, wealth, supplies, growth:
- •Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •22 The Business Cycle
- •Find a word in the text to match the definition:
- •22.3 Translate into the English language:
- •23 The Open Economy
- •23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
- •24 International Trade
- •24.2 Answer the following questions:
- •24.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •25 Economic Growth
- •25.2 Make up pairs of synonyms and antonyms from these words:
- •25.3 Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit - 40 minutes):
- •25.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VII ( texts 22 – 25 )
- •2 Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •3 Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •Bibliography
23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
Countries trade with each other to import goods that do not exist in their economies.
An economy will grow faster if it exports to countries all over the world.
When exports earn more money than imports, there is a trade surplus for the country.
Open economies exchange imports and exports with each other.
Only producers benefit from an open economy.
If you go abroad to study English, you create an invisible export for your country.
When the economy is open, there are no problems in the country.
23.3 Translate the sentences into English:
1) Страна с открытой экономикой активно участвует в международной торговле.
2) В стране с открытой экономикой наблюдается активное движение капитала за границу и из-за границы.
3) Открытая экономика – полная противоположность автаркии, которая характерна для страны с закрытой от внешнего мира экономикой.
4) В течение всей мировой истории люди и страны торговали друг с другом.
В современном мире экономика считается открытой, когда она ввозит и вывозит свои товары и услуги.
Экспорт и импорт товаров называют «зримым» в противоположность к «невидимому» экспорту и импорту услуг.
Если импорт превышает экспорт, то в стране дефицит торгового баланса.
Если экспорт превышает импорт, то страна достигает положительное сальдо торгового баланса.
Открытая экономика выгодна и производителям и потребителям.
10) Импорт это покупка из-за границы товаров и услуг, а экспорт это продажа за границу товаров и услуг.
24 International Trade
Here are plenty of incentives for a country to have an open economy. Exports increase the size of the market for producers. Imports stimulate competition in local markets and provide a wider choice for consumers. These are good reasons for international trade. However, another important reason for trading is to exploit advantages. Economists talk about two types of advantage that an economy can have over others: absolute advantage and comparative advantage.
An economy has absolute advantage when it can produce goods at a lower cost than other economies can, or they have resources that others don’t have. For example, warm Mediterranean countries have an absolute advantage in the production of olive oil. Many countries in Asia have an absolute advantage in manufacturing electronic goods. Clearly, it makes sense for countries with absolute advantages to trade with each other.
The second kind of advantage is comparative advantage. This happens when an economy can produce something at a lower opportunity cost than other economies can. Remember that the opportunity cost of something is what you have to give up in order to have it. For example, imagine that country A makes two things with its resources: clothes and furniture. If it wants to increase production of clothes, it must decrease its production of furniture. This loss is the opportunity cost.
Now imagine that country И also makes clothes and furniture, but it makes less of both than country A. In other words, country A has an absolute advantage over country B in clothes and furniture. However, country B can increase its production of clothes with only a small opportunity cost in furniture. This means that country И has a comparative advantage over country A in the production of clothes.
But why would country A want to trade with country B? What benefit would they gain? In fact, both countries can benefit by specializing. If country A produces only furniture, and country И produces only clothes, both countries will be making best use of their available resources. By trading in this way, production of both products increases. In turn, this increases the economic welfare of both countries.
Despite of all the advantages of having an open economy, countries sometimes restrict trade with other countries. For example, governments may charge tariffs on imports. These are taxes which make imports more expensive than locally produces products. Governments may also restrict the amount of imports entering the country. This kind of restriction is called an import quota. Since international trade has so many benefits, why would countries want to restrict trade in this way? There must be some very good reasons. (2282)
24.1 Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: стимул, увеличивать, местные рынки, широкий выбор, использовать преимущества, абсолютное преимущество, сравнительное преимущество, с меньшими издержками, производство, имеет смысл, издержки упущенных возможностей, отказаться, уменьшить, торговать, извлечь выгоду, наилучшим образом использовать, в свою очередь, благосостояние, несмотря на, ограничивать торговлю, начислять тарифы на ввозимые вещи, квота на импорт,