6. Underline Complex Subject with the Infinitive in the following sentences and translate them:

l) Yablochkov is known to be inventor of electric candle.

2) The method proposed by the young engineer is known to be very effective.

3) Certain properties of matter are considered to be always the same under definite conditions.

4) The number of protons was assumed to be sufficient to account for the atomic weight.

5) These chemical changes prove to have been caused by heat.

6) Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time.

7. Underline For + Infinitive construction in the following sentences and translates them:

l) He explained the scheme for the second time for us to understand it better.

2) At present the only thing for you to do is to work systematically.

3) It is my purpose in this paper to describe all the parts of this engine in detail for you to understand what a complicated mechanism it is.

4) It required some more experiments for the scientist to prove the correctness of the result obtained.

5) It is necessary for all generators to be economically and efficiently serviced.

6) It is easy for the dispatcher to give a signal and get a channel to the desired base transmitter.

7) It is impossible for the driver to stop the car at such a high speed quickly.

Unit Four

Lesson One

I. Pre-text Exercises

1. Practise reading the following words:

wafer ['weifə], layer ['Іеіə], dioxide [dai'ɔksaid], underneath [,Λndə'ni:θ], surface ['sə:fis], crucial ['kru:ʃjəl], faithfully ['feiθfuli], mask [ma:sk],

etch [etʃ], concept ['kɔnsept].

2. State to what part of speech the following words belong:

Information, integrated, semiconductor, chemical, dissolved, electricity, carrier, typically, single, faithfully, individual, projected.

3. Form adjectives by adding the suffix -al to the following nouns, making changes where necessary:

Example: form — форма;

formal — формальний.

Optics, theory, electricity, digit, principle, structure, practice, profession, logics, idea.

4. Find the pairs of words which are opposite in meaning:

a) small, frequently, same, visible, rapid, early, simple, outside, addition, multiplication, to destroy, mountain, to sell, peace, known;

b) seldom, complex, late, slow, invisible, different, big, inside, subtraction, division, to construct, plain, to buy, war, unknown.

5. Give the initial forms of the following words:

processes, operated, flashing, equipped, substitutes, increasing, principles, coated, turns, dissolved.

II. Read and translate the text

Text a The Integrated Chip

1. The transistors are the main part in the integrated chip. The concept behind an integrated chip is relatively simple: an entire electrical circuit with numerous transistors, wires, and other electrical devices all built into a single square of silicon. These chips are smaller than a centimeter-by-centimeter square, yet then can hold millions of transistors. If one person sat down to build all those miniscule parts and then connect them, it would take a whole year. But companies turn out several million integrated chips every few seconds - that's about the time it took you to read this sentence.

2. The reason integrated chips are possible at all is because engineers learned ways to build layers, making millions of transistors across the chip all at the same time. The first ideas on how to build the chips were developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958, and they've been developed further over the years.

3. The chip is build upwards, layer by layer. Each layer is made by putting masks with particular patterns over the silicon and then altering the qualities of the silicon — or perhaps putting down metal or insulators - in the exposed parts.

4. The chip is made out of a semiconductor crystal. The chip starts out as a thin wafer of p-type silicon.

This is then coated with a layer of silicon dioxide — kind of a silicon rust, which doesn't conduct electricity. On top of this is placed a chemical called photoresist. Flashing a pattern of light (like the grid of light and dark that's formed by a window screen) on the photoresist turn any parts exposed to the light hard. The bits left in shadow stay soft. Then an etching chemical is applied those soft parts, and the silicon dioxide underneath them, are removed. The hard photoresist is then dissolved, leaving a pattern of raised silicon dioxide along the surface. Since the silicon dioxide doesn't conduct electricity, it keeps different parts of the final circuit separated from others.

5. Following the same method, a pattern of polysilicon (which does conduct electricity and is part of the transistor) is added. Then, again using projected photoresist masks, areas of the chip are doped to become n-type silicon, another crucial part of a transistor. Lastly, metal leads are added to connect the various components on the chip.

6. Since the chips are so small, hundreds are made on a single silicon wafer at once. After all the patterns have been faithfully reproduced on to the chips, the wafer is sliced up into individual chips.

III. After-text Exercises

1. Give equivalents of the following words and expressions:

мікроскопічні частини; певні зразки; діелектрик; тонка пластина кремнію з дірковою провідністю; силіконовий захист; хімікат; фоторезист; травити на металі; розчинити(ся); фоторезисторні рамки (шаблони), що проектуються.

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

a) The chips are bigger than a centimeter-by-centimeter square.

b) The first ideas on how to build the chips where developed in 1958.

c) The chip is built downward, layer by layer.

d) The chip starts out as a thin wafer of p-type silicon.

e) Since the silicon dioxide conducts electricity, it keeps different parts of the final circuit separated from others.

3. Answer the following questions on paragraphs 1-3:

l) What devices are built into a single square of silicon?

2) What is the reason integrated chips are possible?

3) When were the first ideas on how to build the chips developed?

4) How is the chip build?

5) What is each layer made by?

4. Translate paragraphs 5 and 6 in writing.

5. Write out of paragraph 4 the words and word combinations describing the parts and the functions of the chip. Use them for rendering to your group-mates.

6. Define the forms and the functions of Participle:

1) Applying powerful machinery we achieved a tremendous growth of the total amount of agricultural products.

2) While explaining the results of the experiment professor wrote many formulae on the blackboard.

3) In this method the metal is heated resulting in increased thermal of kinetic energy of the unbound electrons.

4) This reaction involves the following temperature changes.

5) The remaining admixtures were separated from the end product.

6) These moving parts were electrically powered.

7) A paper by the famous scientists dealing with this matter has appeared recently.

8) Considering the hydrolysis as the first order reaction it is possible to draw some conclusions.

9) A general-purpose switching relay is designed to satisfy automation manufacturing processes.

10) The operation is fairly slow requiring several hours.

11) This must be taken into account when comparing all data of previous experiments.

12) The type of the capacitor being determined at the laboratory is the newest one.

13) All electrical conductors dissipate heat when carrying a current.

14) Being cooled water turns into ice.

15) Electrons being negative move from lower to higher potential.

16) While being checked the motor showed good performance.

17) It should be taken into consideration when working on transmitters that dangerous voltage will exist.

18) Being determined the capacitor of this type was widely used.