Negative form

1 .

I	did not (didn't) return/come home in time.
You
He/She/It
We
You
They

2 .

I	did not (didn't) have a villa near the beach.
You
He/She/It
We
You
They

NOTE: I (You/He, etc.) didn't have to wait long.

3 .

I	was not (wasn't.)	in the office the day before yesterday.
You	were not (weren't)
He/She/It	was not (wasn't.)
We	were not (weren't)	at the seaside last summer.
You	were not (weren't)
They	were not (weren't)

Exercise 7. Make the following positive sentences negative.

Example: She spoke to me at the party. - She didn't speak to me at the party.

He had to find a new job. - He didn't have to find a new job.

1. I bought some new clothes last week.

2. The train arrived on time.

3. You made a bad mistake.

4. They had to leave for the airport at 5.

5. She had a headache yesterday.

6. Mr. Benson and his wife were in Canada a month ago.

7. The weather was hot in New York City last summer.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

Example: The film was boring. I didn't enjoy it very much. (not/enjoy)

Is your essay ready? Yes, I finished it yesterday. (finish)

1. The hotel __ very expensive, (not/be) It __ very much. (not/cost)

2. Little Nicholas __ different schools but he was bored and unhappy, (try)

3. The bed __ uncomfortable, (be) I __ very well. (not/sleep)

4. Brian and Chuck __ (play) tennis yesterday. Chuck is much worse than Brian, so he __. (lose)

5. Madame Tussaud __ making models in wax as a teenager. (start)

Regular and irregular verbs that are easily confused

to raise — raised (reg.) (+ an object) Andy raised his hand.	to rise — rose (irreg.) (no object) The sun rose at 5 a.m.
to set — set (irreg.) (+ an object) She set her heavy bag on the floor.	to sit — sat (irreg.) (no object) She sat in the back row.
to lay — laid (irreg.) (+ an object) He laid his coat on the sofa.	to lie — lay (irreg.) (no object) He lay awake for a long time. to lie - lied (reg.) She lied to her husband so as she could go out.
to find - found (irreg.) (+ an object) He found a good job last week.	to found - founded (reg.) (+ an object) He founded the Centre for Journalist Studies at University College in Cardiff.
to hang - hung (irreg.) (+ an object) He hung his coat on the hook.	to hang - hanged (reg.) (to kill as a punishment) They hanged him for murder.
to wind - wound (irreg.) (+ an object; no object) The road wound uphill. He wound (up) his watch.	to wound - wounded (reg.) (+ an object) They wounded the robber but he managed to escape.

Exercise 9. Choose the right verb.

Example: Kate (set/sat) her clothes on the chair a few minutes ago. - set

1. They (hanged/hung) the picture on the wall.

2. Ken (lay/laid) his shaving brush on the shelf.

3.I (found/founded) the address you wanted.

4. We were so tired after Saturday's party, we (lied/ lay) in bed all Sunday morning.

5. When he (set/sat) his glass on the table, he spilled a little drink.

6. In the 19^th century people were (hanged/hung) for minor crimes.

7. My grandfather (found/founded) the family business in 1920.

8. The smoke from our fire (raised/rose) straight up in the air.

G eneral questions

1. Did	I	go/return home after work? - Yes,/(No,)	I	did (n't)
	you		you
	he /she/it		he /she/it
	we		we
	you		you
	they		they

2. Was I/he/she interested in Biology at school? — Yes,/(No,) I/he/she was(n't).

Was it difficult? - Yes, (No,) it was(n't).

W ere you keen on games in your childhood? — Yes,/(No,) I was(n't).

Were	we	born in Kiyv? - Yes,/(No,)	we	were (n't).
	you		you
	they		they

3. Did	I	have many friends at school? - Yes,/(No.)	I	did (n't)
	you		you
	he/she		he/she
	we		we
	you		you
	they		they

Did it (the house) have a good view? - Yes,/(No,) it did (n't).

BUT: Did he have to resist the exam? - Yes,/(No,) he did (n't).

Exercise 10. Make these sentences into general questions. Give short answers.

Example: I finished work early last night. - Did you finish work yearly last night? - Yes, I did.

1. I didn't enjoy Peter's birthday party.

2. Peter had a light breakfast in the morning.

3. She didn't know his telephone number.

4. Mrs. Adams had to travel tourist class.

5. It was a cold winter day.

6.I felt tired and went to bed early.

7. Peter and his twin brother weren't very good at school work.

Exercise 11. Write questions with was/were. Use the words in brackets. Give short answers.

Example: Carol: I had a little sports car two years ago.

Dina: Was it fast? (fast)

Carol: Yes, it was.

1.	Charles:	I didn't like school when I was young.
	Andy:	__? (lazy)
	Charles:	Yes, __ .

2.	Bill:	Amy wasn't at work last week.
	Frank:	__? (ill)
	Bill:	Yes, __.
3.	Larry:	Mike got some tickets for the World Cup.
	Peggy:	__? (expensive)
	Larry:	No, __.
4.	Diana:	Rachel and I didn't receive an answer to our inquiry.
	Anita:	__? (disappointed)
	Diana:	Yes, __.
5.	Clark:	Our trip lasted a fortnight.
	Edward:	__? (tiring)
	Clark:	No, __.

Exercise 12. Rewrite each sentence as positive, negative or a general question, according to the instructions.

Example: My dad didn't work late yesterday, (positive) - My dad worked late yesterday.

Greg went to the theatre at the weekend, (question) - Did Greg go to the theatre at the weekend?

I had to visit my parents last week. (negative) - I didn't have to visit my parents last week.

1. Jim had a lot of adventures in the jungle. (question)

2. Kate wasn't happy at school. (positive)

3. We began our new language course book in May. (negative)

4. I ate nothing for breakfast this morning. (question)

5. The sun didn't rise at 5.15 a.m. (positive)

6. They had to work overtime in their new job. (negative)

A lternative questions

1. Did	I	arrive late or arly?	I	arrived early.
	you		you
	he /she/it		he /she/it
	we		we
	you		you
	they		they
2. Did	I	have breakfast at 7 or 8 o'clock? -	I		have breakfast at 8.
	you		you
	he /she/it		he /she/it
	we		we
	you		you
	they		they

D id it (the room) have much or little space? - (It had) very little (space).

But: Did	I	have to pay in cash or by credit card? - In cash.
	you
	he /she/it
	we
	you
	they

3. Was	he /she/it	in Hyde Park or in Regent Park?
Where	you	in London or in Cardiff? - (I was) in Cardiff.
Where	we	good or bad at school? - (We/You/They were) rather good (at school).
	you
	they

Exercise 13. Ask alternative questions with the following words. Give answers.

Example: The bus/arrive/late/early?

- Did the bus arrive late or early? - (It arrived) late.

1. Denis/attend the first lecture/miss it/yesterday?

2. They/play football/volleyball/yesterday?

3. The houses/in that street/be/all the same/different?

4. They/have to stay in town/go to the country/last weekend?

5. It/be/a typical/an unusual autumn day?

6. You/have a pet cat/a dog/in your childhood?

Special questions

When	were	you born? - In 1975.
How	was	the weekend? - Oh, it was great!
Which subject	was	your favorite one? - Mathematics.
How	did	you	get	there? - By bus.
How long		it	take	you to do your homework? - Three hours.
How long ago		it	start	raining? - About two hours ago.
When		you	finish	school? - A year ago.
What		he	do	after school? - He went to University.
Where		she	study	English? - At college.
Why		we	leave	the party so early? - I was too bored.
How much		it	cost?	- Not much.
How many friends		you	have	at school? - A lot.
How often		Sam	have	English classes last term? - Twice a week.
What kind of film		I	see?	- A thriller.
Whose lecture		they	listen	to? - They listened to a world-famous professor
BUT:
How	did	you	have to get there? - On foot.
How long ago		they	have to move to the country? - 5 years ago.
When etc.		he	have to leave school? - At 16.

Object question

Who	did	she	see at the party? - Brian and his girlfriend.
Who	did	he	have to meet at the airport? - His wife.
What	did	they	see in London? - A lot of interesting sights.
Who	did	you	have to do yesterday? - Nothing.
What	were	you	proud of? - (Of) my younger brother.
What	was	he	interested in? - (In) toy cars and cartoons.

Subject question:

Who	—	—	helped you with the test? - Brian did.
Who	—	—	had to make arrangements for the party? - Pamela did.
What	—	—	happened last night? - Nothing special.
Who	was	—	at the conference? - All my colleagues.
Who	was	—	strange? - His behaviour and appearance.

Exercise 14. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: Bobby played golf yesterday. - What did Bobby do yesterday?

They had to travel in a car. - How did they have to travel?

1. My parents were on holiday in Greece in June.

2. Mrs. Taylor's pupils often asked embarrassing questions.

3. It took Clare an hour to pack her travelling bag.

4. Charlotte Hughes (the second oldest person in the world) didn't marry until sixty-three.

5. Alexander Bell started his first telephone company on August 2nd 1877.

6. No, I didn't have any bad teachers at school.

7. Martin worked the whole summer. The job was tiring but he earned a lot of money.

8. Yes, they had to move to the country two years ago.

Exercise 15. Ask subject or object questions. Give short answers to subject questions.

Example: We waited for him at the door. - Who waited for him at the door? - We did. Who did you wait for at the door?

1. We listened to the news at breakfast.

2. Anthony talked to his girlfriend on the phone all evening.

3. Fred's sister married a famous actor.

4. They bought a present for us.

5. I had to report the accident to the police.

Tag questions

I stayed at home and watched TV, didn't I?	- Yes, you did./ No, you didn't.
BUT: You had to buy this TV on credit, didn't you?	- Yes, I did./No, I didn't.
He won the Cup Final, didn't he?	- Yes, he did./No, he didn't.
She drew a map on the blackboard, didn't she?	- Yes, she did./No, she didn't.
It rained cats and dogs yesterday, didn't it?	- Yes, it did./No, it didn't.
We camped just under a big oak tree, didn't we?	- Yes, you did./ No, you didn't.
You began to work on the project only yesterday, didn't you?	- Yes, we did./ No, we didn't.
They looked splendid in their national costumes, didn't they?	- Yes, they did./ No, they didn't.
I didn't get bored at the opera, did I?	- No, you didn't./ Yes, you did
You didn't have a firm in Glasgow, did you?	- No, I didn't./ Yes, I did.
He didn't have to read the article, did he?	- No, he didn't/Yes, he did.
She didn't catch what you said, did she?	- No, she didn't./Yes, she did.
It didn't do much damage to the car, did it?	- No, it didn't./Yes, it did.
We didn't give a dance party for our daughter's birthday, did we?	- No, we didn't./Yes, we did.
You didn't lie to police, did you?	- No, we didn't./Yes, we did.
They didn't attend the lecture, did they?	- No, they didn't./ Yes, they did.
I was at the station in time, wasn't I?	- Yes, you were./No, you weren't.
You were happy to see me, weren't you?	- Yes, I was./No, I wasn't.
He was there for three weeks, wasn't he?	- Yes, he was./No, he wasn't.
She was on holiday, wasn't she?	- Yes, she was./No, she wasn't.
It was terrific, wasn't it? We were away for a week, weren't we?	- Yes, it was./No, it wasn't.
We were away for a week, weren’t we?	- Yes, you were./No, you weren't.
You were born in Kiyv, weren't you?	- Yes, we were./No, we weren't.
They were dressed in black, weren't they?	- Yes, they were./ No, they weren't.
I wasn't late for the class, was I?	- No, you weren't./ Yes, you were.
You weren't at home last night, were you?	- No, I wasn't./Yes, I was.
He wasn't a bright student, was he?	- No, he wasn't./Yes, he was.
She wasn't a good housewife, was she?	- No, she wasn't./ Yes, she was.
It wasn't an inspiring job, was it?	- No, it wasn't./Yes, it was.
We weren't too bored at the party, were we?	- No, we weren't./ Yes, we were.
You weren't in the office last Friday, were you?	- No, we weren't./ Yes, we were.
They weren't interested in the project, were they?	- No, they weren't./ Yes, they were.

Exercise 16. Give the correct tag to these sentences.

1. You didn't have a cup of coffee this morning,

2. “The Titanic” was a large passenger liner with four funnels, __?

3. They didn't have to go out of town last Saturday, __?

4. They arrived in the city a fortnight ago, __?

5. We were very pleased to get a letter from our children yesterday, __?

6. Early motorcars were not very comfortable, __?

7. They had awful weather while they were on holiday. __?

8. You had to live at home with your parents two years ago, __?

Used to/would

Used to + Infinitive	Would + Infinitive
refers to a past habit or state in contrast to what happens now. They used to travel abroad every summer but now they can't afford it. Negative form: Jane didn't use to have long hair when she was younger. Question form: - Did you use to travel a lot? - Yes, I did.	refers to a repeated action or a typical behaviour in past time in a context already established by a verb in the Past Simple Tense or used to. When I was a boy we always spent/used to spend our holidays on a farm. We would get up at 6 and we'd help milk the cows. Then we'd return to the kitchen for breakfast. Negative form and questions with would are not very common.

Exercise 17. Rewrite the following sentences as positive, negative or a general question according to the instructions.

Example: a. My family used to live on the outskirts of the city. (negative)

My family didn't use to live on the outskirts of the city.

b. People didn't use to think the Earth was flat. (positive)

People used to think that the Earth was flat.

c. She used to go to a really very good school. (question)

Did she use to go to a really very good school?

1. We used to go to the same place for our holidays every year. (negative)

2. He didn't use to have much money. (positive)

3. Kevin used to gamble a lot before he went to prison. (question)

4. They used to do everything together. (negative)

5. When I was a boy, we didn't use to go camping at weekends. (positive)

Exercise 18. Ask special questions about the information in italics.

Example: I used to go to work every other week. - How often did you use to go to work?

1. They used to live in the village in the South of Scotland.

2. Years ago I used to have a motorbike.

3. Mary used to work in a small hospital in Brighton.

4. Everybody used to dislike Sharon because she was too selfish.

5. Sam used to smoke a lot before he fell seriously ill.

6. When I was little, I used to be afraid of the dark.

Exercise 19. Give the correct tag to these sentences. Give short answers.

Example: We used to discuss politics till late at night, didn't we? - Yes, we did.

1. That shop used to be a grocer's a few years ago, __?

2. I used to like History when I was at school, __?

3. Your father didn't use to wear a beard, __?

4. They used to catch the same train every morning, __?

5. You didn't use to spend your days off in the country, __?

Exercise 20. Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box, using used to.

disagree enjoy smoke live go out take

Example: They used to have a small car, but last year they sold it and bought a bigger one.

1. Emily usually stays at home at weekends, but she __ every Saturday.

2. Mr Warner's new office is within fifteen minutes' drive from his house. It __ him about an hour to get to work.

3. George gave up smoking two years ago. He __ like a chimney.

4. They moved to a new flat in the centre last week. They __ in the suburbs.

5. We never liked each other. We __ about everything.

6. I never __ Sundays, but I do now.

Exercise 21. Write these sentences, putting one verb into the correct form of used to and the other into the Past Simple.

Example: I used to smoke (smoke), but I gave it up (give it up) last year.

1. They (live) in London before they (go) abroad.

2. I'm surprised that they (join) the folk music club. They (not/like) folk music.

3. We (have) a garden, but then we (move) to a different house.

4. He (not/travel) much before he (get) this job.

5. I (see) him every week, but then we (have) an argument.

Exercise 22. In some of these sentences you can use used to or would instead of the Past Simple. Where possible rewrite the sentences using used to or would.

Example: a. On Sunday, when we were kids, mother made us pancakes for breakfast.

- On Sunday, when we were kids, mother used to/would make us pancakes for breakfast.

b. I played hockey twice a week that year. - I used to play hockey twice a week that year.

c. Anita made an apple pie for breakfast yesterday morning.

- No change.

1. We lived by a lake, and sometimes Dad took us fishing.

2. When we were kids, we played Cowboys and Indians together.

3. There was an unpleasant incident on the train this morning when a drunk attacked one of the passengers.

4. Some years ago Denis often borrowed money from other people. Now that he is rich, he hardly ever lends anyone a penny!

5. As children they spent a lot of time outdoors.

6. The first time I ever drove a car I parked in a wrong place.

7. I didn't like getting up early when I was very young. To be honest, I still don't like it.