- •Часть 1
- •Unit 1 laws in old england
- •1 .1 Magna Carta
- •5. Most and most of
- •Comprehension check
- •1.2 Habeas Corpus
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Verbs that are easy to confuse
- •3. A large number of and a large amount of
- •Comprehension check
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Little and a little
- •3. Make sure that sb does
- •2.2 Different types of law
- •International and national law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Since and as (reason)
- •3. Each and every
- •5. Still and other time adverbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •2.3 Distinctions between criminal cases and civil cases
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Such and so
- •Comprehension check
- •2.4. Law and morality
- •2.5 Natural law and positivism
- •2.6 Law and justice
- •2.7 Rights and duties
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Negative prefixes
- •3. Wide and widely
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 3 the development of english law
- •3.1 Customs
- •3.2 Common law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. It was not until …. That
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •3.3 Equity
- •3.3.1 The development of equity
- •3.3.2 Conflict between equity and common law
- •3.3.3 The relevance of equity today
- •3.3.4 Modern use of equitable remedies
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Importance – subjunctive verbs
- •Importance – nouns derived from subjunctive verbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 4 sources of law
- •4.1 Legislation The nature and effect of Acts of Parliament
- •4.1.1 Parliament
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Rules and regulations
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Provided/providing that
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.1. 2. The legislative process
- •1. First reading
- •2. Second Reading
- •3.Committee Stage.
- •4. Report Stage
- •6. The House of Lords
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Implement
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. Until (till) and by
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.2 Judicial precedent
- •4.2.1 The nature of precedent
- •4.2.2. Advantages and disadvantages of precedent
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. General similarity - similar to and similar
- •2. Too and enough
- •Comprehension check
- •1.1 Magna Carta ……………..………………………………………..….2
1. First reading
This is a formal procedure where the name and main aims of the Bill are read out. Usually no discussion takes place, but there will be a vote on whether the House wishes to consider the Bill further. The vote may be verbal: this is when the Speaker of the House asks the members as a whole how they vote and the members shout out ‘Aye’ or ‘No’. If it is clear that nearly all members are in agreement, either for or against, there is no need for a more formal vote. If it is not possible to judge whether more people are shouting ‘Aye’ or ‘No’ there will be a formal vote in which the members of the House vote by leaving the Chamber and then walking back in through one of two special doors on one side or the other of the Chamber. There will be two ‘tellers’ positioned at each of these two voting doors to make a list of the Members voting on each side. These tellers count up the number of MPs who voted for and against and declare these numbers to the Speaker in front of the members of the House.
2. Second Reading
This is the main debate on the whole Bill in which MPs debate the principles behind the Bill. The debate usually focuses on the main principles rather than the smaller details. Those MPs who wish to speak in the debate must catch the Speaker’s eye, since the Speaker controls all debates and no-one may speak without being called on by the Speaker. At the end of this a vote is taken in the same way as for the First Reading: obviously there must be a majority in favour for the Bill to progress any further.
3.Committee Stage.
At this stage a detailed examination of each clause of the Bill is undertaken by a committee of between 16 and 50 MPs. This is usually done by what is called a Standing Committee, which, contrary to its name, is a committee chosen specifically for that Bill. The membership of such a committee is decided ‘having regard to the qualifications of those members nominated and to the composition of the House’. So, although the Government will have a majority, the opposition and minority parties are represented proportionately to the number of seats they have in the House of Commons, The members of Parliament nominated for each Standing Committee will usually be those with a special interest in, or knowledge of, the subject of the Bill which is being considered. For finance Bills the whole House will sit in committee.
4. Report Stage
At the Committee stage amendments to various clauses in the Bill may have been voted on and passed, so this report stage is where the committee report back to the House on those amendments. The amendments will be debated in the House and accepted or rejected. Further amendments may also be added.
5. Third Reading
This is the final vote on the Bill. It is almost a formality since a Bill which has passed through all the stages above is unlikely to fail at this late stage. In fact in the House of Commons there will only be an actual further debate on the Bill as a whole if at least six MPs request it. However, in the House of Lords there may sometimes be amendments made at this stage.