Вариант 4

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula, and the villa. The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium, to which were often added further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court, or peristyle. The atrium, a rect­angular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were peculiarly Roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle East­ern. There were few windows on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.

In Rome the chief examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome and that of Livia on the Palatine Hill. Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, have revealed, the design of these blocks. Planed on three or four floors -with strict regard to economy of space, they depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court. Independent apartments had separate entrances with direct access to the street.

The Latin word villa pertained to an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings. Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous resi­dence with parks and gardens on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are Roman in style and method of construction, though with Greek names.

The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their facto­ries, roads, aqueducts and bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, the­atres, and temples.

The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman building, is the Pantheon in Rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. Light is ad­mitted through a central opening, or oculus, about 28 feet across, at the crown of the dome. In front is a porch with an inscription commemorating an earlier building of Marcus Agrippa (12 BC—AD 14) but built with the existing rotunda (AD 120—124) under the emperor Hadrian. The rotunda and dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete work. The interior was lined with precious marbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once was covered externally with bronze plates.

The largest and most important amphitheatre of Rome was the Colos­seum, built by the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian in about AD 70/75 —82. Covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be cleared quickly. The whole is built of concrete, the exterior faced with travertine and the interior with precious marbles. Other important amphitheatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, Yugo­slavia; and Aries, France.

Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establish­ments of great magnificence, with facilities for every gymnastic exercise and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and those who wished to hear them gathered.

The best preserved are the Baths of Caracalla (begun c. AD 217), which covered an area about 1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 298—306), with accommodation for 3,200 bathers.

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

1. Choose the right terms to the following definitions.

1. town – house

1. forum, b) domus, c) basilica

2. a quadrangular court of the Roman house

1. villa, b) rotunda, c) atrium

3. blocks of flat

1. insulae, b) order, c) porticos

4. suburban or country house

1. interior, b) villa, c) thermae

5. a colonnaded court

1. facade, b) entablature, c) peristyle

2.. Give the Russian equivalent.

the crown of the dome

in many respects

a porch with an inscription

precious marbles

faced with travertine

adjoining rooms

depended on light

direct access to the street

with accommodations for bathers

the finest examples

recessed panels

around a colonnaded court

excavations

separate entrance

establishments of great

magnificence

the Roman Empire

3. Give the English equivalents.

1. освещать почти все вопросы по архитектуре

2. организация линий, поверхностей, масс и объемов в пространстве

3. отличаться от своих предшественников

4. античная средиземноморская цивилизация

5. группироваться вокруг перистиля

6. отверстие в крыше

7. примыкающие комнаты

8. раскопки в Остии

9. неровная поверхность участка

10. лестничные пролеты

11. метод строительства

GENERAL EXERCISES

1. Translate into Russian paying attention to passive constructions.

1. These experiments were conducted by a young scientist. 2. Nothing was said about on this subject. 3. The information was sent through the Internet. 4. The rules of the college must be understood and followed by every student. The roof of the building was damaged in a storm a few days ago.

2.. Translate into Russian paying attention to gerund constructions.

1. I’m thinking of buying a house. 2. The police stopped everyone from leaving the building. 3. The batteries in the radio need changing. 4. The burglars got into the house by breaking a window and climbing in.

3. Point out the infinitive, identify the structure it is used in and translate into Russian.

1. It seemed urgently necessary to speak. 2. Perhaps the object of this company is to damage the firm. 3. The architect thought it merely cowardly to attempt a blend of ancient and modern. 4. I don’t want that boy to go to prison for putting out forgeries.

4. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the function of Participle I.

1. Being an architect and a designer, he was an extremely visual man and so it was her looks that had initially attracted him to her. 2. You shouldn’t waste time dwelling on that old situation. 3. I love to watch my city waking up. 4. People ran in and out of the house, shouting and crying.

6. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the function of Participle II.

1. The house built two hundred years ago stood in a long green valley. 2. If you leave the door open, you will have your house robbed. 3 Where are you? I’m totally lost without you. 4. Lost in the world of imagination, I forgot my sad, lonely existence for a while.

Chapter 4

Vocabulary

(dis)advantage — недостаток (преимущество)

abundant — имеющийся в изобилии, обильный

access-доступ

accommodation-размещение

adaptability —приспособляемость.

advantage — преимущество

aisle — боковой неф

alternating — чередующийся

ambulatory — крытая внутр. галерея

arrangement — расположение

arrangement — распределение

axis — ось

benefit — выгода, польза

chapel — часовня

commodity — предметы потребления, товары

concrete-бетон

corner — угол

crypt — склеп

device — средство

earthquake — землетрясение

elaborately — тщательно (разрабатывать)

establishment-учреждение

eventually — в конце концов

excavations- раскопки

extreme — крайняя степень

facility-приспособление

flood — наводнение

fussy — вычурный, аляповатый

hindrance — помеха, препятствие

hoop — обруч

inscription-надпись

intimation — указание, сообщение, намек

magnificence-величие

marble-мрамор

meeting-house — молитвенный дом

minor — меньший

moisture — влажность

mold — (зд.) плесень

opening-отверстие

otherwise — в противном случае

patron — покровитель, клиент, заказчик

pattern — модель, образец

peculiarly-особенно

permanence — прочность

pervasive-проникающий, распространяющийся повсюду

pillar — столб, колонна, опора

plain — (зд.) без узора

precious-драгоценный

predilection-предпочтение

rear-расположенный сзади, задний

remains-руины

replacement — замена

requirement — требование

resistance — сопротивление

respiration — дыхание

ridged — имеющий борозды, кромки

sacristy — ризница

scarce — скудный

shell — (зд.) оболочка, каркас

spatial-пространственный

spreading — простирающийся, распространяющийся

store-запас

suitability — соответствие

surface-поверхность

tenement-многоквартирный дом, сдаваемый в аренду

to admit-допускать, приобретать

to carve — резать, вырезать (по дереву или кости); высекать (камень)

to confine — ограничивать, заключать, обращать

to consist of-состоять из

to define — определять

to depend (on) — зависеть (от)

to depend on-зависеть от

to derive - происходить

to distinguish -различать

to employ — применять

to evolve — происходить

to exceed — превышать, превосходить

to foresee — предвидеть

to fulfil — выполнять

to influence — влиять

to modify — видоизменять

to obtain-получать, приобретать

to penetrate — проникать the senses — органы чувств

to recast-придавать новую форму, переделывать

to repel — отражать (нападение)

to reveal-показывать, обнаруживать

to withstand — противостоять

treatise-трактат

with strict regard-со строгим учётом