Вариант 3

ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE

The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pil­lars with stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick struc­tural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an opportunity for the ex­pression of proportion and pattern. This expression eventually took the form of the invention or evolution of the stone "orders" of architecture. These orders, or arrangements of specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks that formed the basic decorative shell of buildings.

The Greeks invented the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The Romans added the Tuscan and the Composite. The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Ro­man Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon. Roman Doric has a base and was less massive.

The parts of Greek Doric — the simple, baseless columns, the spread­ing capitals, and triglyph-metope (alternating vertically ridged and plain blocks) frieze above the columns — constitute an aesthetic development in stone incorporating variants on themes used functionally in earlier wood and brick construction. Doric long remained the favourite order of the Greek mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout its history.

The Ionic order evolved later, in eastern Greece. About 600 BC, in Asia Minor, the first intimation of the style appeared in stone columns with cap­itals elaborately carved in floral hoops — an Orientalizing pattern familiar mainly on smaller objects and furniture and enlarged for architecture.

It developed throughout so called Aeolic capital with vertically spring­ing volutes or spiral ornaments to the familiar Ionic capital, the volutes of which spread horizontally from the centre and curl downward. The order was al ways fussier and more ornate, less stereotyped than Doric. The Ionic temples of the 6^th century exceed in size and decoration even the most ambitious of their Classical successors. Such were the temples of Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor and the successive temples of Hera on the island of Samos.

The Corinthian order originated in the 5^th century BC in Athens. It had Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Because of its advantage of facing equally in four direc­tions it was more adaptable than Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the Corinthian order. The Romans widely used it for its showiness. The earliest known instance of the Corinthian order used on the exterior is the choragic monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 335/334 BC.

A simplified version of the Roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice. The Composite order is also a late Roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek orders.

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

1. Complete the following sentences.

1. The Ionic was always fussier than …a) the Doric

b) the Corinthian

c) the Tuscan

2. The Corinthian order had Ionic capitals elaborated with….

a) Iotus flowers

b) acanthus leave

c) geometric ornament

3. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for …

a) theatres

b) residential structures

c) temples

4. In its general proportions the Corinthian is very like …

a) the Doric

b) the Ionic

c) the Tuscan

5. Of all the three Greek orders the Corinthian is…

a) the most elegant

b) the simplest

c) the oldest

6. The Doric order was used in …

a) the Erechtheum

b) the Pantheon

c) Artemis temple

2. Choose the right term.

1. The upper section of a classical order is a/an …

1. volute, b) entablature, c) base

2. Spiral ornaments are called …

1. capitals, b) mutules, c) volutes

3. The triglyph – metopes are …

1. alternating ridged and plain blocks of stone, b) porticos, c) floral hoops

4. The part of the column is …

   1. frieze, b) capital, c) cornice

5. A particular style of column with its entablature having standardized details is …

1. facade, b) colonnade, c) order

3. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. This expression eventually a) elaborated with acanthus leaves

took the form … b) on the Greek mainland and in western Colonies

2. The oldest order, the Doric … c) of the invention of the orders of architecture

3. The Doric order was popular… d) by the Romans

4. The volutes of the Ionic capital… e) combines the elements of all the Greek orders

5. The Corinthian order had a capital… f) is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric

6. The Tuscan order was added … g) spread horizontally from the center and curl

7. Another late Roman invention, downward

took the Composite order…