Grammatical Semantics of Participle II

• It is closely associated with the verb (it has got the verbal stem; it is a component of 2 analytical verbal forms).

• It can be modified by an adverb (beautifully written).

• In certain lexical contexts it opposes Participle I in voice and aspect (writing – written, falling - fallen).

• It is unchangeable.

• Categorial meaning – some state of the object which is the result of the process.

 It is also called

- Past Participle (as opposed to Present Participle)

• e.g. Viewed from above the city seems beautiful.

• e.g. One day passed was already a day in the past.

• e.g. I don’t want to have it hung up.

- or Passive Participle (as opposed to Active Participle)

He wrote – it was written

written

• e.g. fallen leaves, the risen sun, a vanished land, past times, the newly arrived guests, a grown girl, escaped prisoners, the deceased lady, a collapsed lorry, an eloped pair, an expired lease, a deserted sailor, etc.

• e.g. She would sit watching the fallen leaves of last year, as she had watched the falling ashes at home.

Subjective or objective relations with Participle II can be identified only syntagmatically. Much depends on the verbal stem of Participle II. Objective relations are more recurrent and they express:

• A result of a completed action (the verb is terminative and transitive) e.g. He took a sheet of ruled paper covered with pencil notes.

• Consequence of an uncompleted action (the verb is non-terminative and transitive) e.g. He came in, escorted by Christine.

Subjective relations are expressed occasionally with a limited number of Participles, denoting a completed action (the verb is terminative and intransitive)

• e.g. Arrived at this point, we halted.

• e.g. Colonel Crashaw, retired.

 - or Perfect Participle (Prof.Smirnitskij): the action of the Participle is prior to the moment of speech or to another action.

• e.g. He found a letter, it was written by his father.

• e.g. It is made of steel.

15)9.5. Parts of the sentence

Parts of the sentence are a syntactic category constituted by the organic interaction of different linguistic units in speech.

It is important to observe that the division into parts of speech and the division into parts of the sentence are organically related. This does not call for much to explain. The part of speech classification is known to be based not only on the morphological and word-making characteristics of words but their semantic and syntactic features as well. The latter are particularly important for such parts of speech as have no morphological distinctions at all. A word (or a phrase) as a part of sentence may enter into various relations with the other parts of a given sentence. These mutual relationships are sometimes very complicated as being conditioned by different factors: lexical, morphological and syntactic proper.

Important observations in the theory of the parts of the sentence based on the interrelation of types of syntactic bond and types of syntactic content were made by A. I. Smirnitsky. A part of the sentence is defined as a typical combination of the given type of syntactic content and the given type of syntactic bond as regularly reproduced in speech. Different types of syntactic bond form a hierarchy where distinction should be made between predicative bond and non-predicative bond. On the level of the sentence elements this results in the opposition of principal parts and secondary parts.