6)Зэ категори оф аспект.

Professor Ilyish explains the existence of different points of view by the following reasons:

a) grammarians have been trying to define the basic character of this category without paying sufficient attention to the system of categories of which it makes a part.

b) in seeking the meaning of the category grammarians haven’t always distinguished between its basic meaning and its modifications due to the influence of the context.

c) in defining the basic meaning of the category grammarians have not always drawn a clear line of distinction between the meaning of the grammatical category as such and the meanings which are influenced by the lexical meaning of the verb which is used in one of the perfect forms.

Professor Ilyish analyses the perfect forms in the following way:

a) there are the forms of the Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect. The Present, Past, Future are tense categories. If the perfect were also a tense category the Present Perfect would be a union of two different tenses (the present, the perfect). The Past Perfect would likewise be a union of two different tenses. (the Past and Perfect). The Future Perfect would be a union of two tenses (the Future, Perfect). But this is impossible if a form already belongs to a tense category it cannot simultaneously belong to another tense category. So two tenses in one form would collide and destroy each other. Hence it follows that the category of perfect cannot be a tense category.

b) in order to find out whether the Perfect can be an aspect category we must consider its relations to the aspects already established to the common and continuous aspects. In Modern English there are such pairs as: is writing‒has been writing; was writing‒had been writing; will be writing‒will have been writing.

All these forms belong to the continuous aspect, so the difference between them cannot be based on any aspect category. Hence the conclusion is that the Perfect is not an aspect. Since the perfect is neither a tense nor an aspect, it is some special grammatical category different from tense and aspect. This point of view was first put forward by Professor Smirnitsky. He called it the category of time relations. Later this category was called by other grammarians the category of correlation. The definition of the meaning of the category presents difficulty. Its essence appears to be precedence: an action expressed by a perfect form precedes some moment in time. Thus perfect and non-perfect forms are two members of the opposition. The perfect form is marked in meaning (denotes precedence) and in morphological characteristic (have + Participle II). The non-perfect forms are unmarked both in meaning and in morphological characteristics. According to Professor Ilyish the system of verbal categories is based on three groups of notions: 1) tense: present, past, future; 2) aspect: common, continuous; 3) correlation: perfect versus non-perfect.

25)8.1. The verb as a part of speech. Classification of verbs.

Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence. Verb is a very complex part of speech and first of all because of it’s various subcalss division. If we admit the existence of the category of finitude as.Blokh does that we’re divide all the verbs into 2 large sets: the finite set and non-finite set.

They are profoundly different from each other. Here we will talk about the finite verbs. As we have said the general processual meaning is in the semantics of all the verbs including those denoting states, forms of existence and combinability. It mainly combines with nouns and with adverbs. Syntactical function is that of the predicate, because the finite verb expresses the processual categorial features of predication that is time, voice, aspect and mood. Verbs are characterized by specific forms of word-building. The stems may be simple ex: go, take, read. Sound replacive: food-feed, blood-bleed. Stress replacive ex; Import-impOrt

The composite verb stems ex: to black mail.

According to their semantic structure the finite verbs are divided into:

• notional which possess full lexical meaning

• seminotional – they have very general faded lexical meaning

• a. auxiliary verbs - they perform purely grammatical function. They have no lexical meaning, only grammatical //do, be

• b. modal verbs - they express relational meaning, ability, obligation and so on.

• c. link verbs -introducing predicative which is expressed by noun, adj, phrase (to seem)

Here we’re to mention of the existence of the notional link verbs, these are verbs which have the power to perform the function of link verbs and they preserve their lexical value. Ex: The Moon rose red. Due to the double syntactic character, the whole predicate is referred to as a double predicate (a predicate of double orientation)

• Notional verbs - the 1-st categorization on the basis of the subject process relation. The verbs are divided into actional and statal.

• Actional - express the action, performed by the subject (do, act, make)

• Statal verbs - they denote the state of their subject (be, stand, know)

This criteria apply to more specific subsets of words: ex: The verbs of mental process, here we observe the verbs of mental perception and activity, sensual process (see-look)

The 2-nd categorization is based on the aspective characteristic. Too aspective subclasses of verbs should be recognized in English limitive (close,arrive) and unlimitive (behave,move). The basis of this division is the idea of a processual limit. That is some border point beyond which the process doesn’t exist.

The 3-rd categorization is based on the combining power of the verbs. The combing power of words in relation to other words in syntactically subordinate positions is called their syntactic valency. Syntactic valency may be obligatory and optional. The obligatory adjuncts are called complements and optional adjuncts are called supplements. According as verbs have or don’t have the power to take complements, the notional words should be classed as complimentive (transitive and intransitive) or uncomplimentive (personal and impersonal)

Terminative – denote actions which can’t develop beyond a certain limit (to stand up, to sit down, to come, to take).

Non-terminative – have no limit (to love, to sit, to work, to walk)