31. The tendencies of word-stress in English.
Word stress-a property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others. Leontieva-the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a sound.there are 4 tendencies. Recessive tendency consists in placing lexical stress on the initial syllable(of nouns, adj,verbs) The presence in English of a great number of short words influenced the development of a rhythmic tendency which results in alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.borrowed polysyllabic words developed a secondary stress. Retentive tendency consists in the retention of the primary stress on the parent word(person-personal) semantic tendency. Compound words and words with separable prefix have 2 equally strong streses, both parts considered to be of equal semantic importance.
32. The peculiarities of the English accentual system.
Word stress-a property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others. Leontieva-the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a sound. Acc to Gimson there are 4 degrees of prominence-primary accent(marked by the last major pitch change in a word), secondary accent(by non-final pitch change), a minor prominence(produced by the occurrence of a full vowel but containing no pitch change), a non-prominent syllable containing no pitch change and one of the vowels. Primary, secondary, tertiary, weak stresses. American linguists(bloch, trager): loud, reduced loud, medial, weak. British linguists(jones,kingdom+vassiliev):primary(strong),secondary(partial),weak(unstressed syll). Russian degrees of stress:primary, weak. Can be fixed or variable+shifting.(active-activity)Languages of the fixed stress type have stress on a given location in a word.(usually final)(tatar, Altaic, finnish, French, polish, chech).free – dutch, English, greek, Russian.english has a hybrid stress-system-stress rules are similar to those of romance languages with the reference to the right edge of a word, Germanic suffixes do not affect stress and compound words are generally stressed on the initial element. It has 6 functions: constitutive(builds up a sound image of the word),culminative(stressed syll constitutes the centre of a word), recognitive(helps to recognize it in the speech), demarcative(stress marks the beginning or the end of a word), morphological(nouns 1st element, verbs 2nd element), syntactic.+distinctive(capable of differentiating the meanings of words and their forms). Types:1. Dynamic stress-achieved through the intensity of articulation.(Russian, English)2.musical(tonic) - through the change of pitch.(Chinese, Japanese)3.quantitativ-through the changes of vowel quantity.4.qualitative-changes in quality. there are 4 tendencies. Recessive tendency consists in placing lexical stress on the initial syllable(of nouns, adj,verbs) The presence in English of a great number of short words influenced the development of a rhythmic tendency which results in alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.borrowed polysyllabic words developed a secondary stress. Retentive tendency consists in the retention of the primary stress on the parent word(person-personal) semantic tendency. Compound words and words with separable prefix have 2 equally strong streses, both parts considered to be of equal semantic importance.