25. The groups of changes in English pronunciation.
There are 5 groups of changes: 1.consists simply in the replacement of 1 phoneme by another. Mandi-mandei. 2.a phoneme may disappear from a word. Completely or regularly. Knight, knee.3. a phoneme or a member of a phoneme can change its quality. ME i: > ai NE life. 4. There may be changes in the whole phonemic structure of the language. New phonemes appear or disappear. OE [c],[з] the allophone of 1 morpheme. ME thigh-thy. 5.prosodic changes-in stress and intonation. In the present century a number of 2 syllable words have had the stress moved from 2nd to the 1st-adult.
26. New tendencies in pronunciation of English vowels.
The 1st group is called isolated.
[ʌ] in 1932 d. jones called it half-open, rather retrected. 1964 charles barbar – more retrected, open, central, lower.
[o:] used to be retrected, rather open but became less open, the tongue is higher now.
[ai] d. jones – front diphthong , barbar – more retrected.
The centripetal tendency [e] -> шва, u, ʌ - develop towards the position of a neutral sound. [bout] – [b шва ut]
2 .combinative. takes place in a certain phonetic context.[o:] ->[o] before f,s,с. Soft, often, cloth. In ME o was short.then became lenghthened. Now the original short form is predominant.
[ju:] – [u:] this change has been going since 17 century. [ju] has changed to [u] in words where it’ s preceded by [тч, дж, r, l] but two forms may exist. 1. After [s] suit, assume, consume. 2. After [θ] enthusiasm. 3. After [z] resume. 4. Initial [l] – lunatic. 5. Medial [l] – absolute.6. Dubious AE [dubies], BE [djubies]
3.diphthongization. [i:][u:] esp in final position. Who,see. D.Jones thought these sounds to be pure vowels.as a pure vowel u: has a closer lip rounding and a narrower chaw opening. Barbar – the sound is a diphthong as the organs change the position. The lip rounding is tightening.
4. monophthongization. They became more like pure vowels. The glide is slight. The central element turned to be lost. Taue-tae-ta.
5.final [i] changes to [i:] and шва. Pretty-priti:,prite pronounced closer and longer. The short I is replaced by i:. [bitwi:n] [bi:twi:n] + substandard [əi]
6. [iə] -> [i+ə]
[uə] - > [u+ə] turned to be replaced by sequal sounds. Spelling pronunciation. Nausea – [no:siə] -> [no:si+ə]
7. the influence of dark [l] in [olv, olt, o:lt]. [o], [o:] -> [əu] revolve- [rivolv], [solv] [solt]
8. the spread of [ə] in unstressed position. [sistim] [sistəm] BE-[boksiz] – AE [bo:ksez] in AE they use ə where it’s impossible in BE – [endid] , [endəd]
Changes in vowel length. [i] big, his. [u] – good. [ʌ]- come. [e] yes. [æ] –man, bag. Lengthening is frequent in monosyllabic words ended in voiced consonant. D. jones said that all adjective ended in –ad are long. The present difference in words based on quality and length gives a different og quality only. As the language – a system of interrelated parts, there should be a pattern of changes. 2 trends: 1. Short vowels seem to be becoming more central and lengthened. 2. 2 front close vowels i: and u: are both being diphthongized. It’s a parallel to what happened in a great vowel shift where i: and u: became diphthongs [ai] and [au]
28. The nature of word-stress.
According to Shevchenko, word stress-a property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others.Leontieva-the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a sound. Stressed sounds are those on which the speaker expends more muscular energy.it usually involves pushing out more air from the lungs.accent-the placement of pitch prominence on a syllable. The prominence of a stressed syllable is achieved through greater length, greater loudness, a change in pitch and vowel quality.long vowels and diphthongs are more prominent than short vowels. It has 6 functions: constitutive(builds up a sound image of the word),culminative(stressed syll constitutes the centre of a word), recognitive(helps to recognize it in the speech), demarcative(stress marks the beginning or the end of a word), morphological(nouns 1st element, verbs 2nd element), syntactic.+distinctive(capable of differentiating the meanings of words and their forms). Types:1. Dynamic stress-achieved through the intensity of articulation.(Russian, English)2.musical(tonic) - through the change of pitch.(Chinese, Japanese)3.quantitativ-through the changes of vowel quantity.4.qualitative-changes in quality.
29. The degrees of word-stress.
Word stress-a property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others. Leontieva-the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a sound.phonetically, there are as many degrees of prominence as there are syllables. Acc to Gimson there are 4 degrees of prominence-primary accent(marked by the last major pitch change in a word), secondary accent(by non-final pitch change), a minor prominence(produced by the occurrence of a full vowel but containing no pitch change), a non-prominent syllable containing no pitch change and one of the vowels. Primary, secondary, tertiary, weak stresses. American linguists(bloch, trager): loud, reduced loud, medial, weak. British linguists(jones,kingdom+vassiliev):primary(strong),secondary(partial),weak(unstressed syll). Russian degrees of stress:primary, weak
30. The place of word-stress
Word stress-a property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others. Leontieva-the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a sound. Can be fixed or variable+shifting.(active-activity)Languages of the fixed stress type have stress on a given location in a word.(usually final)(tatar, Altaic, finnish, French, polish, chech).free – dutch, English, greek, Russian.english has a hybrid stress-system-stress rules are similar to those of romance languages with the reference to the right edge of a word, Germanic suffixes do not affect stress and compound words are generally stressed on the initial element.