- •1) Stylistics as a science (subject-field, field of inquiry, its branches, connection with other branches of linguistics).
- •2) The problem of functional styles and their classification (existing classifications).
- •3) The belles-lettres and publicistic styles.
- •4) The newspaper, scientific prose and official documents functional styles.
- •Scientific Prose Style
- •5) Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary (3 layers, classification by I.R.Galperin).
- •6) 3 Layers of the vocabulary, their stylistic functions.
- •7) Types of the word meaning. Stylistically coloured words.
- •10) Pun, zeugma. Zeugma
- •11) Periphrasis, euphemism and hyperbole. A periphrasis
- •Euphemism
- •Hyperbole
- •12) Simile.
5) Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary (3 layers, classification by I.R.Galperin).
Stylistically colored words are subdivided into 2 layers:
1)words, which may be placed above neutral. They are called literary. They may be called super neutral or formal, or bookish.
2)consist of the words, which may be placed below neutral, which are called colloquial. (nonliterary, sub neutral, informal).
The literary layer is not homogeneous. It includes 5 groups:
Terms – scientific words.
Archaic words.
Foreign words and vulgarisms.
Poetical words.
Neologisms .
Non literary includes 6 groups:
Professionalisms
Slang
Dialectal words
Jargon
Vulgarisms
Nonce words
Gal’perin illustrates this classification in the diagram. It shows the following:
The lines of dimocation between 3 layers are not distinct. There is a constant process of interpenetration. And word throughout history can change their stylistic coloring. (hippy, radio, Tv and so on).
Some layers are represented as overlapping into the other. Ex: poetic words overlap archaic words, because most poetic words are archaic.
Some words od colloquial and literary vocabulary do not belong to the present day English vocabulary. Foreign words are used only for stylistic purposes. That is why on the diagram some small circles extend beyond the large circles.
This classification is not the only, but it is the most complete and comprehensive. Depending on the situation of the act of the communication the speech of people may be subdivided into 4 types. Every type is characterized by the usage of particularly colored words.
6) 3 Layers of the vocabulary, their stylistic functions.
7) Types of the word meaning. Stylistically coloured words.
Semantics of the word:
Denotative meaning – denotes the reality itself. Obligatory meaning.
Connotative meaning – optional meaning. There are different connotative components:
Emotive.
Evaluative – negative evaluative component.
Expressive.
Stylistic.
2.semantic meaning - is studied by a lexicology. Is a classification of the vocabulary according to the absence, presents and type of stylistic meaning of the word. The vocabulary of the language is not homogeneous hole. It can be subdivided into groups. @ large groups according to the presents or absents of stylistic connotation:
1) Stylistically neutral words. Such words as do, we, bread and others.
2) Stylistically colored (marked) words – in the semantic structure of this word there is a stylistic connotation. They can be subdivided into:
- literary (formal).
- colloquial (informal).
The majority of the words are stylistically neutral. That is why they can be used irrespective of the sphere of communication. They are not associated with any field of human activity. Ex: table, man and so on. They simply signify corresponding phenomena. And most of utterances contain neutral words. While the proportion of stylistically colored words is rather small. The use of stylistically colored words is limited to certain conditions of the communication. They are associated with a specific field of human activity. And even taken from the context they belong to a certain functional style. The signal additional information about the speaker tells about his social, cultural, educational states. The majority of literary and colloquial words have synonyms and the neutral layer of the vocabulary.
Colloquial Neutral Literary
Kid child infant
Keep back to hide conceal
Get going begin commence
Crank mad insane
3.Stylistically colored words are subdivided into 2 layers:
1)words, which may be placed above neutral. They are called literary. They may be called super neutral or formal, or bookish.
2)consist of the words, which may be placed below neutral, which are called colloquial. (nonliterary, sub neutral, informal).
The literary layer is not homogeneous. It includes 5 groups:
Terms – scientific words.
Archaic words.
Foreign words and vulgarisms.
Poetical words.
Neologisms .
Non literary includes 6 groups:
Professionalisms
Slang
Dialectal words
Jargon
Vulgarisms
Nonce words
Val’perin illustrates this classification in the diagram. It shows the following:
The lines of dimocation between 3 layers are not distinct. There is a constant process of interpenetration. And word throughout history can change their stylistic coloring. (hippy, radio, Tv and so on).
Some layers are represented as overlapping into the other. Ex: poetic words overlap archaic words, because most poetic words are archaic.
Some words od colloquial and literary vocabulary do not belong to the present day English vocabulary. Foreign words are used only for stylistic purposes. That is why on the diagram some small circles extend beyond the large circles.
This classification is not the only, but it is the most complete and comprehensive. Depending on the situation of the act of the communication the speech of people may be subdivided into 4 types. Every type is characterized by the usage of particularly colored words.