- •1) Stylistics as a science (subject-field, field of inquiry, its branches, connection with other branches of linguistics).
- •2) The problem of functional styles and their classification (existing classifications).
- •3) The belles-lettres and publicistic styles.
- •4) The newspaper, scientific prose and official documents functional styles.
- •Scientific Prose Style
- •5) Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary (3 layers, classification by I.R.Galperin).
- •6) 3 Layers of the vocabulary, their stylistic functions.
- •7) Types of the word meaning. Stylistically coloured words.
- •10) Pun, zeugma. Zeugma
- •11) Periphrasis, euphemism and hyperbole. A periphrasis
- •Euphemism
- •Hyperbole
- •12) Simile.
1) Stylistics as a science (subject-field, field of inquiry, its branches, connection with other branches of linguistics).
Language is the structure which can be described as the system with the successive levels with increasing complexity.
1. Phonetic level – is studied by phonetics.
2. The morphemic level – morphology studies forms of the words.
3. The level of the word – is studied by the lexicology. It studies words and their meanings.
4. The level of the sentence – by grammar and syntax.
To each level corresponds a particular branch of linguistics.
Stylistics deals with all the levels of the language. It touches upon grammar, lexicology and phonetics . It is based on this branches. But it differs from them in the manner of approaching linguistic material.
Phonetics studies language sounds, their physical properties and distribution in the language. Stylistics deals with the expressiveness of the sounds, their fitness under some specific conditions. It shows how the sound material may become an expressive means.
The combination of the sounds s creates an acoustic effect. Studied by stylistics.
Lexicology – it deals with vocabulary of the language, with the meaning of the words and their use. Stylistics deals with the expressive function of the words. It studies connotative meanings of the word and how they appear in different context giving rise to the contextual meaning of the word. And expressing additional information about situation.
Syntax treats the sentence, its types, means of connection. Stylistic studies expressiveness of these units. Ex: The sun, and moon and skies and hills affect me no more. Polisyntactic – express authors attitude to nature.
Grammar investigates grammatical forms, parts of speech and so on. Stylistics deals with transfer use of the grammatical meaning. Ex: I say we are exidenly charming this evening. (We used instead of you)
Stylistic evaluation of linguistic forms signals additional information. The ultimate aim of stylistics is to establish the objective laws and practical rules of using proper linguistic forms in proper situations.
Branches of stylistics.
There is differentiation between literary stylistics and lingual stylistics. Literary stylistics investigates means of expressiveness typical of a certain author, certain literary trend or epoch.
Lingual investigates the estatic function of the language in different acts of communication. It studies not only literary text, but any speech manifestations. Lingual can be subdivided into:
Stylistics of language which investigates language in its abstractions as a system , characterized by the peculiarities of vocabulary, grammar and so on, and at the same time it studies stylistic function of different linguistic forms.
Stylistics of speech – investigates language in action, speech in its manifestation. Studies different texts as a unit of form and matter. It considers the choice of linguistic means to render this or that context.
Stylistics deals with all the aspects of the language. That is why it can be subdivided in the same way as general linguistics. Semasiology deals with the semantics, as for stylistics there is stylistic semasiology, which is the stylistic branch investigating stylistic phenomena in the sphere of semantics. It establishes lexical semantic means and devises.
Lexicology. There is stylistic lexicology – studies the vocabulary of the labguage from the stylistic point of view.
Phonetic. There is stylistic phonetics – it investigates sound arrangement of speech.
Grammar. Grammatical stylistics – studies syntactical expressive means and devises.
Function of stylistics.
It investigates functional styles. For ex: newspaper texts in written and oral forms, some documents and so on.
There is one more subdivision developed in Russia in 20th century By I.V. Arnol’d. She differentiated stylistics of phoneme is stylistics of decoding. The differentiation is based on the theory of information.
Surround reality of the first type – writer – text – reader – surrounding reality of the second type.
Stylistics of decoding studies the text in its integrity, as the unity of form and matter. It deals with the influence of the text on the reader. Stylistics of coding shows how the reality of the writer, the epoch is reflected by the writing in his work.