Лист – 005
Образцы тестовых заданий к текстам:
(1) – d.
(2) – c.
(3) – a (1).
II. Говорение и письмо
Задание 1.
1) There’re thousands of different kinds of factors of production in economics – everything from the electricity to the paper. They can be classified in many ways. The three basic categories of productive factors – “the classical triad” – included in most classifications are: land, labour and capital. The fourth factor of production is entrepreneurship.
2) Land as a factor of production includes more than the solid surface of the earth. Air, sunlight, forests, soil, water and minerals are all classified as land, as are all natural forces or opportunities – the “gifts of nature” – that are not created by people.
3) Most of the land in the world is scarce. It has economic value and is owned by somebody. That’s why people have to use it carefully.
4) Capital’s primary function in the economy is to improve the productivity of labour as it transforms the natural resources of land into wants-and-needs-satisfying goods. Capital makes labour more productive (ЕЩЕ ЧТО-ТО НУЖНО ДОБАВИТЬ).
5) The price paid for the use of land is called rent. Wages are the payments people receive when they sell their time and efforts (labour) for a price. The wage rate is “the price of a unit of labour”. The income earned by capital is interest. The payment for entrepreneurship is called profit (текст – 3.2- начало). Profit (словарный вариант) is a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating or producing something.
6) Capital goods – for ex., real or physical capital (tangible items such as buildings, machinery and equipment) are used in the production of other goods and services.
7) The entrepreneur is a far-sighted resource-manager who brings together the other three factors of production, gets them organized and directs them into socially desired production. Entrepreneurs aren’t generally high-risk takers when they can’t affect the outcome of the situation. They tend to set realistic and achievable goals, and when they do take risks, they’re usually calculated ones based on facts and experience rather than instincts. Entrepreneurs are participants, not observers; they are players, not fans. They seek opportunities to profit by satisfying as yet unsatisfied needs. They seek disequilibrium – a gap between the wants and needs of the customers and the products and services that are currently available – and find a way to fill that gap. Entrepreneurs are born, not made. Most entrepreneurs who reach their goals are often natural leaders and have a natural instinct for choosing the best way of doing their business. They’re strong problem-solvers; they work well under pressure. They’re willing to risk their resources in the pursuit of profit. They are persistent and determined to succeed, because their own money and ego are at risk. They’re fast moving and flexible, willing to change quickly when they get new information. To be an entrepreneur is to be future-oriented and to be an optimist, to believe that success is possible and with the right amount of time and money and a bit of luck, you can do anything to make your dream come true.
8) Entrepreneurs occupy a central position in any market economy stimulating all economic activity. The most dynamic societies in the world are the ones that have the most entrepreneurs, plus the economic and legal structure to encourage and motivate entrepreneurs to greater activities.
Задание 2.
1) F
2) F
3) F
4) T
5) F
6) F
7) F
8) F