9. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.

in(5); from(4); by(5); on(2); with(3); of(5); over; off; for(2); to(4); into; at(2).

1. But unlike those peers who support one political party or another, ____ tradition the Law Lords do not become involved _____ politics, and will generally only concern themselves _______ legislation which relates ____ legal matters.

2. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is also the final court of appeal _____ ecclesiastical courts and prize courts; it hears appeals ___ certain professional bodies, who have the power to strike members ____ their registers.

3. Their courts are those in which the proceedings are commenced and which actually hear the first trial, unlike the appellate courts which deal only ____ cases ___ appeal.

4. The Court Service Agency carries out the administrative and support task ____ the Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court and county courts and is a branch ____ the Lord Chancellor’s Department. Its head or Chief Executive is responsible _____ the Lord Chancellor.

5. Appeals in criminal cases are heard ____ the Criminal Division ____ the Court, the Court will be presided _____ by the Lord Chief Justice. The office of Justice of the Peace is one of the oldest ____ the country, and could date back ____ 1195, when Richard I made a royal proclamation that “knights of the peace” should assist the sheriff ____ the keeping of law and order.

6. Anyone who wishes to become a JP may apply to the Lord Chancellor’s Department. They must be supported ______ references, and will be interviewed to determine their suitability.

7. _______ the eyes _______ the public JPs have one great advantage that they are free _____ the habits of thought, speech and bearing which characterize professional lawyers and which most people find ____ a greater or lesser extent repellent.

8. Mental health review tribunals are responsible ______ reviewing cases _____ patients who suffer ______ mental illness and who have been compulsorily detained in hospital.

9. A coroner’s duty is to hold an inquiry _____ the manner of death of anyone who appears to have died _____ violent or unnatural means.

10. ______ one time coroners could actually charge people _____ murder or manslaughter, and have them committed _____ the local assize court _____ trial.

11. Decisions of judges sitting _____ first instance trying cases _____ the High Court are finding _____ all inferior courts.

10. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary.

1. Высшим судом страны является палата лордов. Палата лордов – это последняя инстанция, где рассматриваются апелляционные жалобы как по гражданским, так и по уголовным делам.

2. Отделение королевской скамьи занимается рассмотрением сложных гражданских дел в первой инстанции и апелляциями на приговоры магистратских судов. В состав отделения входят 60 судей Верховного суда, а возглавляет его судья-председатель королевской скамьи Высокого суда правосудия.

3. Каждая апелляция по гражданским делам рассматривается коллегией из трех судей, заседающих вместе. Обычно они выносят решение единогласно, в случае если все согласны с ним, однако возможно принятие решения большинством голосов в соотношении 2:1.

4. Апелляции по наиболее сложным уголовным делам рассматриваются судьей-председателем отделения королевской скамьи Высокого суда правосудия, заседающего вместе с двумя судьями Высокого суда. При рассмотрении апелляций по уголовным делам все три судьи выносят общее решение. Это означает, что если один из них не согласен с остальными, он не может принять решение согласно своему особому мнению, а должен подчиниться общему решению.

5. Апелляционный суд также выполняет функции Военного апелляционного суда. В этом случае в нем рассматриваются апелляции, поступившие из различных военных трибуналов армии, военно-морского флота и военно-воздушных сил.

6. Трибуналы (специализированные суды) являются независимыми юридическими органами, учрежденными парламентом для рассмотрения различного вида жалоб, поступающих от должностных лиц и организаций.

7. Каждый, желающий стать мировым судьей, может обратиться в ведомство Лорда-Канцлера. Репутация претендента должна быть подтверждена рекомендациями и он должен пройти собеседование для определения его профессиональной пригодности.

8. Некоторые профессиональные организации имеют свои собственные суды специальной юрисдикции, которые занимаются вопросами профессиональной дисциплины и имеют полномочия временно или полностью отстранить от занимаемой должности члена коллектива, если его поведение не соответствует требуемым нормам.

9. Коронер (следователь, специальной функцией которого является расследование случаев насильственной или внезапной смерти) должен быть барристером, солиситером или практикующим врачом с не менее чем пятилетним стажем. В его обязанности входит проведение расследования, которое еще называют коронерским расследованием (дознанием), обстоятельств смерти человека, чья гибель оказалась результатом насильственных действий или была внезапной.

10. Священный принцип английского права – это принцип ‘прецедента, имеющего обязательную силу’. То есть, когда суду представлены факты по делу, судьи обязаны решать дело, используя принципы права, применяемые при решении предыдущего дела с аналогичными обстоятельствами.

Grammar Revision

Exercises

Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice construction.

1. A person or thing performing an action is called the subject of the action. A person or thing acted upon is called an object of the action.

2. In the English language the verb has two voices: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.

3. The Active Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the subject of the action expressed by the predicate.

4. The Passive Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is an object of the action expressed by the predicate.

5. The tenses of the Passive Voice are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense and Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb.

6. The Future Continuous and the Perfect Continuous tenses are not used in the Passive Voice.

7. The tenses of the Passive Voice are used according to the same rules as the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice.

8. The Passive Voice is used when the speaker wants to say something about the object (not about the subject of the action). In this case the subject of the action is mostly not mentioned at all; otherwise it is expressed by a noun or pronoun with the preposition by or with.

9. A verb which may have a direct object is a transitive verb. A verb which is not used with a direct object is intransitive. In Russian only transitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice — the subject of a passive construction corresponds to the direct object of the active construction.

10. In English not only transitive but many intransitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice. The subject of a passive construction in English may correspond not only to a direct object of the active construction but also to an indirect or prepositional object.

11. The passive verb-forms are translated into Russian:

a) by verbs with the particle -ся (-сь);

b) by combinations of the verb быть with a short form of the Past Participle Passive (краткое причастие страдательного залога);

c) by verbs in the Active Voice in indefinite-personal sentences;

d) if the subject of the action of a passive construction is indicated, the English Passive Voice may be rendered in Russian by the verb in the Active Voice in a definite-personal sentence.

1. The new Department for Constitutional Affairs (formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department) is responsible for the organisation and smooth running of the courts, although much of the day-to-day running of the courts is carried out by Her Majesty's Courts Service.

2. The House of Lords is more correctly called the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords.

3. Only those cases, in which 'leave to appeal' (special permission) has been given, either by the Court of Appeal or by the House of Lords itself, will be heard there.

4. The extraordinary term 'In Ordinary' simply means that they receive their salary from the ordinary Consolidated Fund (the Exchequer account at the Bank of England into which all revenues are paid); they are not paid by the House of Lords itself.

5. Normally, each appeal is heard by five Law Lords, although in some, rare instances cases are heard by a panel of seven or even nine.

6. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was established by statute in 1833 to hear appeals from 'any dominion or dependency of the Crown in any matter, civil or criminal'.

7. Other senior judges have also been co-opted to sit in this court, as have distinguished judges from abroad. In February 2001 Dame Sian Elias, Chief Justice of New Zealand, became the first woman to sit in the Privy Council, when she was invited to spend two weeks as a member of the court.

8. The rulings of the Privy Council are normally not binding on other courts, but they are of strong persuasive authority (the rulings do not have to be followed, but should be given attention and great respect when courts are deciding what the law is).

9. The first sitting of the new Supreme Court is planned to take place in 2008; until then the House of Lords will continue as the final court of appeal.

10. The Queen's Bench Division consists of about 80 High Court Judges, and from October 2005 has been headed by the new office of President of the Queen's Bench Division.

11. County courts were introduced in 1846 to enable civil claims for small amounts to be heard quickly and cheaply.

12. This 'regularity' in standing by decisions has been described as "a 'sacred principle' of English law, and it is rooted in the natural, human inclination of people to regard past experience and decisions as guides to future action, and to be able to conduct themselves with a degree of certainty about what the legal consequences of their actions, if any, will be.