waltz [wo:ls]

i‘.e ['ail]

isle [ ail],

^eorps^fkr-]. ct

tz

[s] is not pronounced:

1. in the words

2. In French borrowings

13. [z] is pronounced when spelt as^-

z

zz

Other Spellings:

s after vowels or voiced

consonants

houses ['hauziz], rose [reuz] husband ['hAzbandj, plays [pleiz]

B

Xerox [‘zrarDks], Xeres [^!zens, ^!zi(a)riz]

ut: bus [bAs], pus [pAs]

ss in the words

x at the beginning of the word

Production

9. To make the sound [s], place the centre of your tongue against the palate and release the air slowly, but do not stop the air and do not make a sound with your voice.

Examples: some, square, small, say.

10. To make the [z] sound, place the centre of tongue against the palate; release the air slowly without stopping. Make a sound with your voice.

Examples: zero, lazy, easy, cousin, cheese.

A sailor went to sea To see what he could see. And all that he could see Was sea, sea, sea.

Some Dogs

Some dogs are small dogs, Some dogs are big,

S ome dogs are lap dogs, ‘ Some dogs dig.

Some dogs are fast dogs,

Some dogs are dark, Some dogs are long dogs, Some dogs bark.

s+ure

THE SOUNDS [/], [з]

Spelling and Reading

14. [f] is pronounced when spelt as: sh

Other Spellings: s

ss before suffixes, beginning with letters i or u

si

-sion after consonants ti

t+ion ci, ce

sci + a vowel in the middle of a word after the accented syllable ch in French borrowings

machine [ms'Jïm], chauffeur ['Jsufs], • champagne {jæjnpein], moustache [ms si£u/J Chicago jjj‘ka:gsu] luxury [ l.\k f(s)ri], anxious ['æçkfss] But: in unstressed syllables luxurious [lAg'zjusriss]

anxiety [ær)(g)'zaisti] ^sch schnapps [fnæps], schedule ['Jedju:!]

15. [3] is pronounced when spelt as:

g beige [bei3], rouge ['ru:3],

In the word X in accented syllables

garage ['джга:з] or [дз'гшз] leisure ['Іезз], treasure [Чгезз]

But: [f] — sure [fus]

ship [fip], fish [ft/], shy [fai]

sugar ['Jugs], sure [Jus] assure [s'/us], pressure ['pre/s], discussion [di'skAj(s)n]

Asia ['eijs] or ['еізз]

Persia ['рз:|з]

pension ['penj(s)n],

tension Г'іепГ(з)п]

partial Гра:/(з)І]. (⁹)1J

ШСід. L, 0 ±1 11 c „

narion [ neiji з ki] ocean Г Зо sir/, suspicion s Г.

conscieiKc РкопДз zs]. conscientious [kbnjrec fssj.

-sion

Other Spellings: ti in the word zu

zh

j

decision [di'si3(3)n], illusion [i'Iw^(s)n]

equation Ji'kwei3(a)n] aiuref'ae^a], seizure-f'si^a]

a^ure ['3239], seizurefsi^a]

Production

11. To make the sound [J], touch the palate with the sides of the tongue and release the air slowly through the passageway formed down the centre of the tongue. Do not stop the air flow. Do not make a sound with your voice.

Examples: sugar, sure, shame, ocean, tension.

12. To make the sound [3], touch your palate with the sides of your tongue and release the air slowly through the passageway formed down the centre of the tongue. Do not stop the air. Make a sound with your voice.

Examples: vision, garage, prestige, measure, regime.

She sells seashells on the seashore; l-rt

The shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure.

So if she sells seashells on the seashore, t Then I’m sure she sells seashore shells.

• Eat at pleasure, drink with measure, 'w- ^ taw i ■

• M easure for measure. {twjUL yi uu/uj, W>

• Measure twice and cut once.

• A wolf in sheep’s clothing. Uk i

T

sheep — cheap

ask 1. Contrast Drill for [J— tf], [tf —/].

[tr-J]

shoes

c

cheek

— she’s

heek — chic cheese — she’s

shoe — chew

share — chair marsh — march wash — watch

jmjvjL'Hs cratch — crush

T ÜVs > '

_rjWhudi, witch — wish V cratch — crash, match — mail^J catch — cash

which, witch —

could be vicious on occasion. 12. The sheep were shaken by the explosions.

9. She can’t make a decision about shoes. 14. The explosion occurred after the collision near the garage.

Task 8. Challenge Sentences for [J] and [3].

1. Fresh fish are an unusually delicious dish when served with Polish sausage and relish.

2. He shaved and showed before brushing his teeth but neglected, to massage some polish into his shoes.

3. George showed unusual judgement in measuring the shocks caused by the financial disruption«' '^cJ

THE SOUND [h]

Spelling and Reading

13. [

    perhaps [pa'hasps], help [help] who [hu:], whom [hu:m] \_f'

    hour [aua], honour ['ona] honest ['omst], heir f'ea] why [wai], white [wait]

    rehabilitate [,ri:3'bilifeit], gbastly-f'gcustli] a/MMMUU ,, forehead ['forid] vehicle ['vi:ik(s)l] ghost [gaust]

    h] is pronounced when spelt as h

Other Spellings: wh followed by o

7. is not pronounced:

1. in the initial position in the words

2. wh followed by a vowel except 0

3. h+a

h+e h+i h+o

Production

To make the sound [h], keep your tongue free and force air from the throat with a voiced sound.

Examples: hope, huge, hurry, hill, hay.

Humpty-Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall;

All the king’s horses and all the king’s men Couldn’t put Hurnpty together again.

• Handsome is as handsome does. (k$4wJ* ■ tit 'iui-{ c a(‘ - /

• Every man has his hobby-horse, wmm&cp &£/>'>

• Healthful habits make healthy body.

Exercises tyfdU i*0№ rfyM

Task 1. Practice, Words for [hi.

C

(L'lxpJL

foUimichfaMm heat, humid, hu

ahead, Ohio, perhap

behind, anyhow, maj

Task 2. Practice Sentences for [1:

1. They have .a huge hotel at Lake Tahoe. 2. Her husband brought home a huge mahoganv^t ftdtcli!'^/31^,¥he horn of the hunter was heard on the hill. 4. Hold your hand up as high as he has got his. 5. It isn’t the heat that bothers me, it’s the humanity. 6. Somehow I think that lighthouse is beyond help. 7. They were happy, but hungry, after the rcliSarsalv S. Perhaps, it’s not so summon the western half of Ohio. 9. Too huge a helping can b§to’vcftTlESfth. 10. Harry wrote the play “Humour in the White House”. 11. Who ate the other half of the hamburger?

12. The passengers were unharmed in the hijacking. 13. Incoherent sentences are hard to handle. 14. The horse is hungry. It has had to hurry up a high hill and over a hard road full of horrible holes.

Task 3. Challenge Material for [h],

1. A hero cannot be a hero unless in a heroic world.

(Nathaniel Hawthorne)

2. People are trapped in history and history is trapped in them.

(James Baldwin)

3. Happiness does not lie in happiness, but in the achievement of it.

, (Feodor Dostoyevsky)

THE SOUND [r]

Spelling and Reading

14. [r] is pronounced when spelt as:

r i%rifle ['raif(a)l], Mary [^!me(a)n]

rr arro\y ['aerau], merry ['meri]

Other Spellings: wr write [rait], wrong [fdq]

rh rhyme [raim], rhythm ['n3(a)m]

[r] is not pronounced at the doctor ['dokta], teacher ['ti:tfa]

end of the word:

“Linking” [r] is pronounced at the end of the word if it is followed by another word

with an initial vowel: before I go [bifer ai'gou]

mother and father ['mAflar and 'faids]

sister is [sistar iz]

where is Tom? [wear iz tDm]

Production

To make the sound [r], keep the tongue back; do not let your tongue touch inside your mouth; round your lips and push them forward. Make a voiced sound. Examples: race, ride, write, cry, price.

Row, row, row your boat Gently down the stream Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily Life is but a dream.

Robert Rowbey rolled a round roll round, A round roll Robert Rowbey rolled round; Where’s the round roll Robert Rowbey rolled round?

When at Rome do as the Romans do. 4 Pu№ \4ifU U&t $tc jk&UMM,

All roads lead to Rome. ' ' ,

A tree is known by its fruit. Ml40JUM60

As the tree, SO the fruit. ¹ - *tff

Great barkers are not biters. ;•••»

J

0

Jf fsi/fiexjtl

Exercises

Task 1. Contrast Drill for [w — r], [v — r],

^PSwee^— rain

• ^S^-^red rice

.SSEBf»№№ru J^^_wrote

t

(5>

wRifvrwipe — ripe¹ «r rwpl pv4yat — rat

Spelling and Reading

15. [f] is pronounced when spelt as:

ch change [tfeindj], child |

mischief f'mistfrf] famt. '( tch kitchen ['kitf(9)n], match [maetf]

Other Spellings: tu+al actual faektfual],

spiritual ['spiritfusl] ture adventure [ad'ventfa], nature ['neitfa]

But: mature [ina'tjua] s+tion . question ['kwestf(9)n],

suggestion [S9'c^9Stf(9)n] te y№(f№( jrighteous r’raitpasl

16. [dj] is pronounced when spelt as:

j joy [tfeoi], journey ['d53:m]

g before e, i,y gem, giant ['parent], .gypsy [’cfeipsi]

gg '^; exaggerate [ig'z£ed59reit]

ge. gi in the middle of the

word between the vowel advantageous ^aedvgn'teidjgs],

sounds legion [‘Ii:«±5(3)n]

ge at the end of the word singe [sind3]. orange pDrind}]

But: beige [bei3]_s rouge ['01:3] dg budget ['bAdyt], judge ['(feAcfe],

knowledge [^!m)lid$]

Other Spellings: d + eur - - _ grandeur [’graentfea]

d + ier soldier ['sgulc^g]

dj , [a'c^Ast], adjective ['aedjiktiv]

tfifixM c tyto&tA

Production

18. To make the sound [tf], place the centre of the tongue c : the palate; stop the air completely, then release it abruptly with a voiceless sour.c

Examples: chase, chance, lunch, catch.

wage. 7. Don’t damage the hedge. 8. Does Virginia enjoy wearing her jeans in July? 9. The magician used an imaginary pigeon. 10. There was a joke written on the edge of every, page. 11. Jack’s new job is balancing the budget. 12. Attending college is 'i^}nrmlege^lMiusage and ginger don’t mix. 14. The judge was gentle

ausage and ginger don’t mix. 14. The judge was gentle

as well as genial. 15. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 16. Don’t ask if a person has been through college. Ask if a college has been through a person.

Task 9. Challenge Sentences for [dj] and [tj].

1. He majored in lunch at college. ' H

2.1 suggested that the children chew more quietly.

3. Charley was known to exaggerate about his courage. Ah

4. He actually worked his way through college selling gadgets.

5. He was teaching seamanship as we watched.

6. Jane lost her gold chains and engagement ring.

7. She wrote about range wars and prairie justice.

THE SOUND [j]

Spelling and Reading

.

20. [j] is pronounced when spelt as: , ’

. . UrrzC.

y in the initial position u in the initial position u according to the first type of syllable eu in the initial and middle position

lie

But: [u:] — true [tru:]

Other Spellings: ewe

eau

ew, iew in the middle and final position

yelLjjel], yard |ja:d] union ['jutnjanj, usual jj'u^usl]

duty [^fdju:ti] tune [tju:n]

Europe ['joarap],

Eucharist ['ju:karist],

Feud [fju:d], neutral ['nju:tral]

>' rescue preskju:], due [dju:]

ewe [ ju:], ewex,['ju:a],

sewerage f'sjuaridjj beauty [^!bju:ti]

.dew [dju:], review [ri'vju:] million ['miljan]

Spelling and Reading

21. [I] is pronounced when spelt as: _h .„Tijca,

1 leap [ii:p], lean [li:n], cold [kauld]

51. doll [dol], hill [hil], spell [spel]

[1] is not pronounced in the following cases:

1. in the letter

combination ould should [fud], would [wud]

2. a+Ik — [o:k] walk [wo:k], talk [to:k]

3. o+lk — [auk] folk [fauk]

4. i followed by m, f half [ha:f], salmon [’sasman]

Production

To pronounce [1], curl your tongue up; put the under side of the tongue firmly on the back of your top teeth and make a sound with your voice.

Examples: lake, love, clean, place, solve.

“Г11 Try” and “I Can’t”

The little boy who says “I’ll try”,

Will climb to the hill-top.

The little boy who says “I can’t”,

Will at the bottom stop.

• R. L. Stevenson

He laughs best who laughs last, бм

Let sleeping dog lie. бйШЦ b 'MjtrtAi s'. Q^r

He lives long who lives well. fr &.{•■> U мміі ^ "

All is not gold that glitters. ,

Took before you leap. '/&.

Live and learn. Ї

у АуМ’ШШЛі ¹

Exercises

Task 1. Contrast Drill for [1 — r], [r — 1].

[1 —r] , leaf— reef clew — crew

leap — reap flank — frank

owl. 12. A Har is a person with a lot of memory lapses. 13. The falling leaves were red and yellow. 14. The colours blended together beautifully. 15. She liked to be awoken by little bells, not alarms.

Task S. Challenge Sentences for [1].

1. “No man who has once heartily and wholly laughed can be altogether irreclaimably bad”. (Thomas Carlyle)

2. Lately, people complain bitterly about untangling world problems.

THE SOUNDS [m], [n], [rj]

Spelling and Reading

21. [m] is pronounced when spelt as:

m meet middle ['midi]

mm summer PsArna], hammer fhseras]

Other Spellings: gm diaphragm ['daiafrasm]

lm calm [ka:m], salmon ['ssemsnj

mb lamb [Ism], climb [klaim]

mn autumn ['w'tam], column ['knlam]

21. [n] is pronounced when spelt as:

n never ['nevs], nose [nsuzj, new [nju:]

nn dinner ['dins], winner ['wins]

Other Spellings: _tmen

gn foreign ['form], gnat [naet]

[n] is not pronounced when speltag^T ' mn -—^solemn fsobm], damnj'daem],

But: mnemonic [ni'momk] \

21. [rj] is pronounced when spelt as:

n+g long [1dt>], strong [stroi]]

Other Spellings:

n+c Ci)!c3 anchbr/'ajoks]

ing reading r*ri:din], writing [‘raitirj]

" IT «j&r« ^

n+qu cmyf. conquer ['konka], banquet ['baerjkwit]

n+x anxious ['ajQkjas]

Reading Confusion

^B Use [13] when the word ends in ng e.g.: sing [sir)]

• Use [r)] when ng or another suffix is added to a root word ending in ng e.g.: singing [sirjirj]

• Use [13] + [g] when ng is in the middle of the original word

e.g.: finger [firjga] •

• Exceptions: Use [13] + [g] in the superlative and comparative forms of certain words such as:

long — longer — longest strong — stronger — strongest young — younger — youngest Note: nge is not pronounced [rj], but [ncfc]

e.g.: stranger, arrange, orange, sponge, change.

Production

22. To produce the sound [m], press your lips together and make a voiced, humming sound; release the air through your nose.

Examples: mother, famous, name, game, tomorrow.

22. To pronounce [n], place your tongue against your palate and hold it there; make a voiced sound and release the air through your nose.

Examples: never, know, money, interest, thin.

22. To make the sound [rj], bring the back of your tongue up against the velum, close the air off completely, and release it through the nose.

Examples: long, strong, tongue, sing.

Autumn Leaves

Down,

down,

down

Red,

yellow, brown Autumn leaves tumble down,

Autumn leaves tumble down,

Flaking and shaking,

Tumbledown leaves.

16 Г. Козуб. Fundamentals of English Pronunciation ¹ (81