Text 24 holding

A holding pattern is a predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace whilst awaiting further clearance.

Note:

1) The term ‘holding area’ refers to a specified airspace stated in the definition.

2) The term ‘holding pattern’ refers to the predetermined manoeuvre stated in the definition and is normally the well known race track shape.

The holding area and holding pattern entry will be accomplished in accordance with procedures published by the State.

If procedures have not been published or are not known to the pilot, the appropriate ATC unit will describe the procedures to be followed.

Aircraft shall be held at a designated holding point. The required minimum vertical, lateral or longitudinal separation from other aircraft, according to the system in use at the holding point, shall be provided.

Note:

Separation at a designated holding point shall always be vertical.

Normally the first aircraft to arrive over a holding point should be at the lowest level, with following aircraft at successively higher levels.

Note:

Aircraft with high fuel consumption at low levels, e.g. supersonic aircraft, should be permitted to hold at higher levels and still retain their order in the approach sequence. This will be facilitated by the use of discrete descent paths and/or radar to descend these aircraft clear of other aircraft holding at lower levels.

If a pilot advises that he is unable to comply with the approach control holding or communication procedures, any alternative procedures requested by the pilot should be approved if known traffic condition permit.

discrete [dis7kri:t] прерывистый

Text 25 global positioning system (part 1)

Aviators throughout the world use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to increase the safety and efficiency of flight. With its accurate, continuous, and global capabilities, GPS offers seamless satellite navigation services than satisfy many of the requirements for aviation users. Space-based position and navigation enables three-dimensional position determination for all phases of flight from departure, en route, and arrival, to airport surface navigation.

The trend toward an Area Navigation concept means a greater role for GPS. Area Navigation allows aircraft to fly user preferred routes from waypoint to waypoint, where waypoints do not depend on ground infrastructure. Procedures have been expanded to use GPS and augmented services for all phases of flight. This has been especially true in areas that lack suitable ground based navigation aids or surveillance equipment.

New and more efficient air routes made possible by GPS are continuing to expand. Vast savings in time and money are the being realized. In many cases, aircraft flying over data-sparse areas such as oceans have been able to safety reduce their separation between one another, allowing more aircraft to fly more favourable and efficient routes, saving time, fuel, and increasing cargo revenue.

On a spherical surface at sea level, one latitudinal second measures 30.82 metres and one latitudinal minute 1,849 metres. Parallels are each 110.9 kilometres away. The circles of longitude, the meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west-east width of a second being depended on the latitude. On a spherical surface at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 metres on the equator, 26.76 metres on the 30th parallel, 19.22 metres in Greenwich (51°28'38" N) and 15.42 metres on the 60th parallel.

The width of one longitudinal degree on latitude ^ocan be calculated by this formula (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3.600 respectively).

seamless [7si:mlis]без границ, единый, общий

augmented [7O:gmEntid]расширенный, увеличенный

vast [7va:st]обширный

revenue [7revEnju:]отдача, возврат