Определите основную идею текста.

			Education whether it’s formal or family one encompasses teaching and learning and the imparting of knowledge and culture from generation to generation.
			Education can begin before birth, that’s why some parents play music or read to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.
			Education makes use of many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.
			Education is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning.

Fashion

1. The concept of fashion implies a process of style change, because fashions in dress, as well as in furniture and other objects, have taken very different forms at different times in history. Most people follow fashion to some extent, because fashion refers to much more than the haute couture, the exclusive and expensive clothing produced by leading designers. Even schoolchildren are aware that fashions exist. Nevertheless, we do tend to distinguish between basic clothing, such as blue jeans, parkas and T-shirts, and the latest trendy fashions created by fashion designers. Fashion reflects the society of which it is a part. It has been influenced by wars, conquests, laws, religion, and the arts. Individual personalities have also had an impact on fashion. Royalty and heads of states have set fashion, and in the 20^th century media stars have emerged as leaders of fashion. French writer Anatole France said that if he could come back to Earth 100 years after his death and have only one thing to read, he would choose a fashion magazine because that would show him the way people lived. 2. Fashion also has its critics, who have at times denounced fashion as irrational, frivolous, tyrannical, and immoral. Why should pink be in fashion one season and grey the next season? Why do people follow fashion like sheep when they have enough clothes already? A common accusation is that fashion designers accelerate fashion change to create new business. Yet no new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it. The final decision about what to buy, or whether to buy anything at all, belongs to the consumer. Ultimately, fashions change because many people like new and different styles. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

			Fashion is often criticized for its rapid change.
			Fashion is considered to refer mostly to the haute couture.
			Fashion is absolutely free from the influence of the society.
			Most people think that fashion is frivolous and immoral.

Решение: Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, определить наличие в тексте информации, соответствующей его содержанию. Утверждение «Fashion is often criticized for its rapid change» («Моду часто критикуют за то, что она быстро меняется») соответствует содержанию текста: «Fashion has its critics… Why should pink be in fashion one season and grey the next season?» («У моды есть свои критики… Почему в одном сезоне модным должно быть розовое, а в следующем – серое?») (фрагмент 2).

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. Most people follow fashion because …

			they prefer new and different styles
			they want to have the exclusive and expensive clothes
			they want to have an impact on it
			they like to wear blue jeans and T-shirts

Ответьте на вопрос: What is the main thing that determines new fashion success?

			The main thing that determines new fashion success is people’s readiness to accept it.
			The main thing that determines new fashion success is consumer’s hesitation about what to buy.
			The main thing that determines new fashion success is severe fashion critics’ position.
			The main thing that determines new fashion success is people’s reading fashion magazines.

Решение: Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации при изучающем чтении, уметь анализировать получаемую информацию и, читая текст, находить ответ на поставленный вопрос. Правильный ответ на вопрос «Что является главным, определяющим в успехе новой моды?» – «People’s readiness to accept it» («Готовность людей принять ее»), поскольку, согласно тексту: «…no new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it» («…никакая новая мода не будет иметь успеха, пока люди не будут готовы принять ее») (фрагмент 2).

Определите основную идею текста.

			Fashion is a social phenomenon reflecting different aspects of people’s life.
			Fashion is popular as it helps people to break the monotony of their lives.
			Most people take great interest in fashion and usually try to follow it.
			Fashion is closely connected with the development of business.

Anthropology

1. Anthropology is the holistic «science of man». The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the social sciences, humanities, and human biology. Anthropology includes archaeology, prehistory, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, social and cultural anthropology, ethnology and ethnography. The word anthropos is from the Greek for «human being» or «person». Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as «the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences». 2. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called «primitive» in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of «inferior». Today, most anthropologists use terms such as «less complex» societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as «hunter-gatherer» or «forager» or «simple farmer» to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. 3. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular folk or people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

			Anthropology is known to include a number of subdisciplines studying different aspects of human life and nature.
			Anthropology studies a particular folk taking as a basis mainly direct observation of contemporary customs.
			Describing societies with more simple social organization anthropologists used the term «primitive» in the meaning of «inferior».
			In the 1990s and 2000s the crucial topic in anthropology was the use of the terms «hunter-gatherer», «forager», «simple farmer».

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. The word «anthropology» comes from the Greek «anthropos» that means …

			«human being»
			«science of man»
			«primitive man»
			«humanistic science»

Ответьте на вопрос: Where did anthropology appear as a science?

			It appeared in complex industrial societies.
			It appeared in societies with simple social organization.
			It appeared in «primitive» («inferior») societies.
			It appeared in non-industrial, non-Western cultures.