V. Прочитайте и переведите письменно следующий текст.

Monopoly

A monopoly is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. In other words, a firm has no competitors in its industry. Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods.

Monopoly should be distinguished from monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of the product or service. Monopolies often have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, monopoly should also be distinguished from the phenomenon of a cartel. In a monopoly a single firm is the sole provider of a product or service. In a cartel a centralized institution is set up to partially coordinate the actions of several independent providers. Cartel members may agree on such matters as price fixing, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers and so on. The aim of such collusion is to increase individual member’s profits by reducing competition. Competition laws forbid cartels. Identifying and breaking up cartels is an important part of the competition policy in most countries, although proving the existence of a cartel is rarely easy, as firms are usually not so careless as to put agreements to collude on paper.

A government-granted monopoly, or legal monopoly, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide a greater reward and incentive to invest in a risky venture. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, which is called a government monopoly.

If a monopoly is not protected from competition by law, then it is a subject to competitive forces. However, with enough market share, a company or group can partially plan and control the market through strategic product updates or lower prices – potential competition can be thwarted, demand for the dominant company’s output can be preferentially developed. Hence, within free economies, planned sub-economies can arise.

VI. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений и выучите их:

монополия, состояние рынка, конкурент, монопсония, назначение цен, антимонопольное законодательство, конкурентная политика, законная монополия, конкурирующая сила.

VII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is the difference between monopoly and monopsony?

2. What is a cartel?

3. What is a government-granted monopoly?

VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие подчеркнутые инговые формы глаголов (причастие I, герундий). Укажите их функции. Предложения переведите.

IX. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие выделенный инфинитив. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива. Переведите предложения.

Контрольная работа № 2 (вариант b)

I. Измените предложения по образцу, переведите.

Образец: A new plant is built. – Новый завод построен.

A new plant was built. – Новый завод был построен.

A new plant will be built – Новый завод будет построен.

1. The goods are damaged in transit.

2. This advertisement is seen by thousands of people.

3. The project is finished.

II. Определите видовременную форму сказуемых и переведите предложения.

Образец: The contract was signed by the president of the company. – Контракт был подписан президентом компании. Was signed – The Past Simple Tense Passive Voice.

1. Nowadays checks and credit cards are being used increasingly.

2. Supply is referred to as a resource, goods, or service that will be offered for sale at various prices during a specific period of time.

3. The documents will be signed next week.

4. Yesterday at 6 pm my report was still being typed.

5. Your order hasn’t been delivered yet.

6. Will you be promoted?