- •Introduction ... ........ ......... .......N. V
- •Introduction
- •1. What counts as a word? Define the status of the given lexical items and comment on the types of naming. Consult the re -commended dictionaries:
- •Give spelling variants of the same words (morphological variants, regional variants).
- •Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Etymological characteristics of the english lexicon
- •1. Trace the etymology and comment on the etymological
- •2. State the languages from which the following words are borrowed:
- •3. Make sure you know the following abbreviations used in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (cod):
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:
- •Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
- •Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
- •Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
- •6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ me-tonymic) in the following items:
- •Of english words
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and de- scribe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. By w. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1-4.
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the english lexicon
- •1. Classify the words given below according to the word- formation types:
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Compare the dictionary entries in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries (sod, cod, oald).
- •Characterize the dictionaries you work with according to the model:
- •Manuals of lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of language
- •Тамара Николаевна Суша лексикология английского языка Практикум Учебно-методическое пособие
Of english words
Topics for Discussion
Semantic relations in the lexicon.
Semantic classifications of words:
Semantic (lexico-semantic) fields.
Lexico-semantic groups (LSG).
Lexico-grammatical groups (Arnold's classification).
Hypero-hyponymic sets (structures).
Synonymic sets.
Antonymic pairs.
Thematic groups.
Non-semantic groupings of words.
Key Terms
antonym
antonymy
content words
contradictories
converses
cyclical relations
hierarchies
hypernym/hyperonym
hyponym
hyponymic relationship hyponymy incompatibles lexical category
lexical field lexical gap lexical set
paradigmatic relations
part-whole relations
semantic component
semantic field
seme
synonym ideographic synonyms stylistic synonyms
synonymy
syntagmatic relations
Tasks and Exercises
1. Give working definitions of the following terms and find examples of words which are characterized by these sense relations.
hyponymy synonymy antonymy part-whole relations cyclical relations, etc.
2. Classify the following nouns into lexico-grammatical groups:
agent, artist, audience, baker, boy, cat, cattle, contempt, cotton, crew, crowd, discretion, dog, doubt, economy, family, fleet, flock, gentry, gold, honesty, honey, indignation, inspiration, iron, lion, painter, panther, picture, police, poultry, sadness, scholar, snow, swarm, table, tea, tiger, volunteer, wannabe, workaholic.
3. State the hyperonym for the following words:
asp, birch, chestnut, lime, maple, oak, willow.
4. Find synonyms to the following words:
beautiful (adj) begin (v) help (v) love (n) see (v)
5. Find antonyms to the following words:
alive (adj) faithful (adj) fragile (adj) generous (adj) increase (v) young (adj)
6. Give examples to illustrate the specific ways different languages cover the same semantic field.
Questions
What are the main semantic relations in the lexicon?
What is understood by the term "semantic field"?
What are the underlying criteria for grouping words into
a) semantic fields, b) lexico-semantic groups, c) lexico-grammatical groups?
Why cannot we speak of synonymy of words as such?
What are the criteria of synonymy?
What are the main patterns of synonymic sets in Modern English? What is the stylistic reference of the native and borrowed words in a synonymic set?
How does the law of synonymic attraction read?
What is understood by "radiation of synonyms"?
How does the semantic field of kinship in English differ from that in Belarusian (Russian)?
What is the connection between the theory of semantic fields and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
What dictionary of the English language arranges the lexicon according to the underlying concepts (ideas)?
Recommended Reading
Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О. В., Морозова Н.Н.
Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие / На
англ. яз. М., 1999. Арнольд ИВ. Лексикология современного английского языка:
Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / На англ. яз. М.,
1986.
Вердиева З.Н. Семантические поля в современном английском языке: Учеб. пособие, для пед. ин-тов. М., 1986.
Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекелъ С.С, Князева Г.Ю. и др. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. На англ. яз. М., 1979.
Завражнова СИ. Системное описание лексики. М, 1985
Клименко АЛ. Лексическая системность и ее психолингвистическое изучение. Мн., 1974.
Тексты по лексической семантике: Хрестоматия по лексикологии английского языка. На англ. яз. / С.А. Игнатова, А.П. Клименко и др. / Под ред. АП.Клименко. Мн., 1998.
Филлмор ЧДж. Об организации семантической информации в словаре // Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. М., 1983. Вып. XIV.
Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.
Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Printed in Italy, 1995.
Recommended Dictionaries
Англо-русский идеографический словарь / Т.И. Шаталова. М., 1994.
Апресян Ю.Д. и др. Англо-русский синонимический словарь. М., 1979.
Lehnert М. Reverse Dictionary of Present-Day English. Leipzig, 1973.
McArthur T. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. London, 1982.
The Oxford-Duden Pictorial English Dictionary. New York, 1982.
Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. London, 1982. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms (with Antonyms). USA 1984.
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
The domain of phraseology.
Criteria of phraseological units.
Classification of phraseological units (V.Vinogradov, N. Amosova, V. Koonin, A. Smimitsky, etc.).
The sources of phraseological units.
Semantic relations in phraseology: synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy.
The inner form of correlative phraseological units in different languages (English, Belarusian, Russian, etc.) and the problem of their semantic equivalence.
Key Terms
aphorism cliche collocation functional unity idiom
clause idiom phrase idiom sentence idiom idiom proper idiomaticity lack of motivation
phrasal verbs phraseme
phraseological unit phraseological variants proverb quotation
ready-made character saying
semantic unity
set (fixed) expression
stability
Tasks and Exercises
1. Read the excerpt and discuss the suggested classification.
Фразеологическое значение не может реализоваться вне определенных структур. В английском языке имеется семь основных структурных типов фразеологизмов.
Одновершинные ФЕ, т.е. обороты, состоящие из одной знаменательной и одной служебной лексемы или одной знаменательной и двух или трех служебных лексем (at large — в целом, весь; by the way — между прочим; out of the way — отдаленный). Под служебными имеются в виду лексемы, не функционирующие в качестве самостоятельных членов предложения и служащие для связи слов в предложении (предлоги, союзы), а также для характеристики числа, определенности или неопределенности существительных (артикли).
ФЕ со структурой подчинительного или сочинительного словосочетания (burn one's fingers — обжечься на чём-л.; high and mighty — сильные мира сего).
3; ФЕ с частичнопредикативной структурой2 (т.е. лексема + придаточное предложение): ships that pass in the night — мимо-летные встречи (ср. разошлись как в море корабли).
ФЕ со структурой придаточного предложения: when pigs fly {разг.) — когда свиньи полетят, никогда; = когда рак свистнет.
Номинативно-коммуникативные ФЕ, т.е. глагольные обороты со структурой словосочетания с глаголом в инфинитиве и со структурой предложения с глаголом в страдательном залоге (break the ice (сломать лед) — the ice is broken).
ФЕ со структурой простого или сложного предложения (birds of a feather flock together = рыбак рыбака видит издалека; do you see any green in my eye? — неужели я вам кажусь таким легковерным? God damn it! черт возьми!, проклятье!, тьфу, пропасть!; if you run after two hares, you will catch neither — за двумя зайцами погонишься, ни одного не поймаешь).
Эквиваленты предложения3, т.е. некоторые структурные талы междометных оборотов, имеющих силу высказывания и характеризующихся самостоятельной интонацией (by George! — видит бог!, честное слово!; my foot! - так я и поверил!
(From: А.В. Кунин. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. М., 1986. С. 119.)
Термин предложен А.И. Смирницким. Термин предложен Н.Н. Амосовой. Термин предложен В.В. Виноградовым.
2. State the type of phraseological units in accordance with the classifications. See whether the phraseological units fit into the schemes of the suggested types of units. Find equivalents in Russian and Belarusian.
an/one's Achilles' heel
all that glitters / glisters is not gold
one's better half/your better half /your other half
a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
black Friday
the early bird / the early bird catches the worm/it is the early
bird that catches the worm
to fall out (with)
to fish in troubled waters
a free hand
(Good) LordUOh God!
to have a bee in one 's bonnet
Hobson's choice
Indian summer
to kick the bucket
to lead somebody by the nose
to live from hand to mouth
to make up (a quarrel)
a Pandora's box
to pass the Rubicon
a pot / crock of gold
the salt of the earth
a skeleton in the cupboard
a Trojan horse