- •Introduction ... ........ ......... .......N. V
- •Introduction
- •1. What counts as a word? Define the status of the given lexical items and comment on the types of naming. Consult the re -commended dictionaries:
- •Give spelling variants of the same words (morphological variants, regional variants).
- •Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Etymological characteristics of the english lexicon
- •1. Trace the etymology and comment on the etymological
- •2. State the languages from which the following words are borrowed:
- •3. Make sure you know the following abbreviations used in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (cod):
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:
- •Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
- •Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
- •Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
- •6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ me-tonymic) in the following items:
- •Of english words
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and de- scribe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. By w. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1-4.
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the english lexicon
- •1. Classify the words given below according to the word- formation types:
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Compare the dictionary entries in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries (sod, cod, oald).
- •Characterize the dictionaries you work with according to the model:
- •Manuals of lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of language
- •Тамара Николаевна Суша лексикология английского языка Практикум Учебно-методическое пособие
1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:
b uzz, cock-a-doodle-do, chirp, cry, ding-dong, discuss, hiss, grunt, mew, speak, talk, twitter, write;
beaver, blackboard, driver, hammer, gardener, ladder, lecturer, sunrise, workaholic.
Questions
What are the main postulates of the referential approach to meaning?
What are the main postulates of the functional approach to meaning?
What are the three types of motivation found in words?
What types of semantic components can be distinguished within the meaning of the word?
What is the difference between the lexical, grammatical and part-of-speech meaning of the word?
What component of meaning is recurrent in the given words: actors, boys, chairs, dreamers, girls, pens, schools, students, tables, trees, tulips?
How is the grammatical meaning of a word expressed?
What semantic components constitute word meaning?
What is word meaning?
Recommended Reading
Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях / ССХидекельи др.: Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов На англ. яз. Л., 1975.
Антрушииа Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. На англ. яз. М, 1999.
Апресян Ю.Д. Отечественная теоретическая семантика в конце XX столетия // Известия АН. Серия литературы и языка. 1999. Т. 58, №4. С. 39-53.
Арнольд КВ. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. На англ. яз. М, 1986.
Беляевская Е.Г. Семантика слова: Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. М., 1987.
Гинзбург РЗ., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю. и др. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. На англ. яз. М., 1979.
Лещева ЛМ. Слова в английском языке: Курс лексикологии современного английского языка: Учебник. На англ. яз. Мн., 2001.
Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания: Учеб. пособие. М., 1974.
Минаева Л.В. Слово в языке и речи. М., 1986.
Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова (структура и комбинаторика): Учеб. пособие. М., 1983.
Палмер Ф.Р. Семантика: Очерк. М., 1987.
СмирницкийА.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
Тексты по лексической семантике: Хрестоматия по лексикологии английского языка. На англ. яз. / С.А. Игнатова, А.П. Клименко и др. / Под ред. АП. Клименко. Мн., 1998.
Ульман С. Семантические универсалии // Новое в лингвистике. М~ 1970.Вып. 5. С. 250-299.
Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. by W. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1-4.
Recommended Dictionaries
Англа-беларуска-pycKi сло^шк / Т.М.Суша, A.K. Шчука,
А.У. Ta(kmi4, B.M. Федасеева; Пад агул. рэд. Т.М. Су-
шы, А.К. тчую. Мн., 1989. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1969. Лингвистический энщшюпедический словарь / Гл. ред.
В.Н. Ярцева. М., 1990. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. London, 1995. The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.
A.S. Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995.
POLYSEMY
Semantic change in English. Causes, nature and results of semantic change.
Polysemy in English. Causes of polysemy.
Polysemy and frequency.
Semantic structure of polysemantic words. Types of meaning (diachronic approach to polysemy, synchronic approach to polysemy).
Polysemy and context. Types of context (lexical context, grammatical context).
Semantic structure of correlative words in different languages.
Polysemy in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries.
Key Terms
ambiguity
lexical ambiguity
amelioration of meaning
analogy
basic meaning
central/main/major meaning
context (verbal context, context of situation)
contiguity
derived/secondary meaning deterioration/pejoralion of meaning direct meaning disambiguation
extension/generalization of meaning figurative meaning lexical-semantic variant metaphor (metaphoric meaning) metaphtonymy
metonymy (metonymic meaning) minor meaning
multiple meaning
narrowing/restriction/specialization of meaning nominative meaning original/primary meaning similarity
systematic polysemy transfer
Tasks and Exercises