If clause main clause

If + present simple present simple

Сondition Type Surbodinate clause Principle clause

real 0 If you heat ice it turns into water.

Type 1 conditionals are used to express a real or very probable situation in the present or future. They are formed as follows:

If – clause (hypothesis) main clause (result)

If + present simple/continuous will/may/can + bare infinitive

Condition Type Surbodinate clause Principle clause

real 1 If we leave early, we’ll catch the 8 o’clock

o’clock train.

If he is working on he won’t be able to

Saturday join the company.

Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations, which are unlikely to happen in the present or future. They are formed as follows:

If – clause (hypothesis) main clause (result)

If + past simple/past continuous would/could/might + bare infinitive

Condition Type Subordinate clause Principle clause

unreal 2 If you painted the wall the room would be much brighter

If I were in a hurry I would take a taxi.

If English people spoke I might understand them.

more slowly

Type 3 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations which never happened in the past. They are also used to express regret or criticism.

If – clause (hypothesis) main clause (result)

If + past perfect would/could/might + have +participle

Condition Type Subordinate clause Principle clause

unreal 3 If I had had a map with me I wouldn’t have got lost.

If I had studied hard at school I might have got a good job.

Sometimes we want to talk about the past, present and future together. In this case we can ‘mix’ these two forms.

if + past perfect would/could/might + infinitive

If + past simple would have + have + past participle

Condition Type Subordinate clause Principle clause

unreal mixed If you had taken the you might feel better now.

medicine

If you weren’t so stupid you wouldn’t have got into trouble.

Exercise 1.Match the two halves of these sentences.

1. people do not attend to a. all the body is busy in mak-

the communication ing itself whole again.

2. a better love life is not b. he will find that this is ev-

young thing erywhere the common crite-

rion regarding evidence of

unity.

3. a gene does not mutate c. the message will probably

I F + have little or no effect on

your opinion.

4. the student cares to make d. it will not change anyone’s

a methodological check on attitude.

other sources

5. for example, the skin is e. it won’t be an easy task to

broken demonstrate its existence and unity.

1. The message will have little a. the achievement of their purpose

persuasive effect is more important to them than the

obstacles which stand in the way.

2. Bodily fitness will be necessary b. we examine the matter more closely

3. Children will continue backward + I F c. the audience does not attend to

comprehend, accept, and remember

the arguments.

4. They will keep up their d. we want to overcome difficulties.

5. We shall find that every part e. they desire only to get rid of

of the body is involved in an difficulties.

emotional expression

Exercise 2. Choose the right conjunction out of those given in brackets and insert them into one of the sentences given below.

Provided, in case, unless, should, suppose, but for…, if only.

1. _____ you deliberately plan to be less than you are capable of being, you’ll be deeply unhappy for the rest of your life.

2. _____ of conflict between groups that challenge each other’s collective narcisism, this very challenge arouses intense hostility in each of them.

3. The mental world of newborn infants is not a blooming, buzzing confusion and, _____they have a physical defect, they are neither blind nor deaf.

4. Conflict itself is a sign of relative health ____ you have ever met really apathetic, hopeless people who have given up hoping, striving and coping.

5. ____this is an unconscious effect, what are we apt to respond with?

6. ____ his sudden departure, she wouldn’t experience such severe panic.

Exercise 3. Practice the following according to the model.

Model: She argues with her chief and he doesn’t understand her, so she gets

mad.

If I argued with the chief and he didn’t understand me, I would get

mad too.

1. A person is driven into the corner and no possibility is left, so his behavior becomes aggressive.

2. He lacks some very significant personal characteristics, so he doesn’t take on the role of a leader.

3. He feels embarrassed in unfamiliar situations, so he avoids social occasions.

4. She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas, so she never speaks in public.

5. A person is actively engaged in the process of learning, so he makes fast progress.

6. He lives in an unloving and conflicting atmosphere, so he feels lonely and depressed.

Exercise 4. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.

Model: If I were you, I (not to eat) heavily before going to bed.

If I were you, I would not eat heavily before going to bed.

If I had known that he had given up smoking, I (not to present)

him with a new pipe.

If I had known that he had given up smoking, I wouldn’t have

presented him with a new pipe.

1. If we had more experience behind us, we (recognize) from all the partial expressions of the individual the degree of his ability to cooperate.

2. If I had known that she was quarrelsome, I never (to invite) her.

3. The accident (not happen) if you had been more attentive.

4. You (to do) as you pleas, even if I gave you advice.

5. If they (to ban) alcohol at football matches there might be less violence.

6. You (not to get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Don’t forget that there exist mixed types of conditionals.

Model: I can hardly keep my eyes open If I (go) to bed earlier last night, I (not be) so tired now.

1. Such bizarre, emotionally arousing events (be) very memorable, if we (have) witnessed them in a waking state.

2. If he (suffer) in a car crash last night, he (have) amnesia or partial loss of memory now.

3. If you (be) unfortunate enough to have suffered child abuse, you may (be able) to break the vicious cycle.

4. You (be) well today, if you (take) your medicine yesterday.

5. If you (take) my advice, you (be) in a different position now.

6. If I (realize) that you were really serious in what you said, I (not be) at such a loss now.

Exercise 6. Compose sentences according to the model.

Use but for + noun/pronoun

Model: I want to tell you this, I promised not to tell anybody

But for my promise not to tell anybody, I would tell you this.

He didn’t die. The operation saved him.

But for his operation, he would have died.

1. I had a splitting headache. I have to leave the lecture so soon.

2. The child stopped crying. It was for that funny toy of yours.

3. His departure is all of a sudden. She experiences such severe panic.

4. She wants to speak up in public. She is too shy.

5. He is in a bad mood. The world around him seems more dangerous.

6. I have a stomachache. I like to try new and foreign food.

Exercise 7. Reword the sentences placing were at the beginning of the sentence and omitting if. Follow the model

Model: If I were 17 years old again, I would enter the Institute of Psychology.

Were I 17 years old again, I would enter the Institute of Psychology.

1. If their supervisor were more strict, their behavior would be predictable.

2. If you weren’t so angry, you wouldn’t hurt him.

3. If you were here, he would take part in this seminar.

4. If it were her fault, she would do her best to help them.

5. If it were a misunderstanding, they would clear up immediately.

6. If you were less careless, you wouldn’t get into trouble.

Exercise 8. Reword the sentences placing had/hadn’t at the beginning of the subordinate clause and omitting if. Follow the model.

Model: If I had time, I would come over.

Had I time, I would come over. I would come over, had I time.

If I had known about it, I would never have done it.

Had I known about it, I would never have done it. I would never have done

It, had I known about it.

1. If I had been informed that she was ill, I should have visited her.

2. If I had your intuition, what a psychologist I’d have been.

3. If I had more willpower, he would be able to cope with the situation himself.

4. If Bob hadn’t interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there would have been peace between them.

5. If we had known his character better, it would be easier for us to deal with him now.

6. If he had told me the truth in the first place, I might have avoided a lot of unpleasantness.

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

1. Если бы вы приняли лекарство, вы были бы сейчас здоровым.

2. Если бы не вы, я бы никогда не выполнил эту работу вовремя.

3. Если бы я был там, я бы помог ему.

4. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я стал бы изучать психологию более подробно.

5. Будь я там, я бы помог ему.

6. Не будь вы трусом, вы бы не бросили ее одну.

7. Если бы вы были внимательны на лекции, вы бы больше знали сейчас.

8. Если бы не его дурное настроение, мы бы получили удовольствие от общения с ним.

9. Мы закончим работу вовремя, при условии, что вы пришлете все необходимые материалы.

10.Если бы люди более осторожно водили машины, было бы меньше несчастных случаев.

11. Если ты не станешь водить машину аккуратно, то ты попадешь в аварию.

12. Предположим, что психологические детерминанты оказывали свое влияние на поведение таким образом, как бы вы объяснили это?

UNIT V

MOTIVATION

Approaching the topic

Discuss the following questions

1. What is motivation to your mind?

2. Do you understand the role and importance of motivation for effective learning?

3. What motives you to study in the University?

4. Have you set realistic goals for yourself?

5. How important do you think motivation is for success in language and life in general?