Key Terms

1.0 Images of Life-Span Development: The Newborn Opossum, Wildebeest, and Human

2.0 Family Processes

reciprocal socialization

mutual gaze

synchronization

scaffolding

social rules

dyadic family subsystem

polyadic family subsystem

direct and indirect effects

3.0 Attachment

attachment,

secure attachment,

anxious-avoidant attachment,

anxious-resistant attachment type A babies,

type В babies,

type С babies

4.0 Fathers as Caregivers of Infants

child care policy

non/traditional gender role

5.0 Day Care

day care

6.0 Temperament

Temperament,

easy child,

difficult child,

slow-to-warm-up child,

emotionality,

sociability,

activity,

shyness,

introversion,

sociability,

extroversion

7.0 Emotional Development

emotion

positive affectivity

negative affectivity

maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (MAX)

basic cry,

anger cry,

pain cry

reflexive smile

social smile

8.0 Personality Development

independence

trust versus mistrust

autonomy versus shame and doubt

9.0 Problems and Disorders

child abuse

infantile autism

10.0 Contemporary Concerns

Essay and Critical Thinking Questions

Comprehension and Application Essay Questions

We recommend that you follow either our guidelines for "Answering Essay and Critical Thinking Questions," or those provided by your instructor, when preparing your response to these questions. Your answers to these kinds of questions demonstrate an ability to comprehend and apply ideas discussed in this chapter.

1. Explain reciprocal socialization. Provide at least two examples of how parents socialize their children and two examples of how children socialize their parents in your response.

2. Define attachment, and compare and contrast the psychoanalytic, social learning, cognitive, and ethological explanations for its development.

3. Indicate and explain the individual differences in attachment, and the relationship of early attachment to later social interactions.

4. Compare and contrast fathers' and mothers' ability to care for infants, and each parent's typical caregiving practices.

5. If you were a parent who could stay home with your children or place them in day care, what factors would you consider in making this decision?

6. Analyze your own temperament. Indicate whether your temperament is better explained by the Chess and Thomas or the Buss and Plomin approach. Also indicate how stable your temperament has been over the course of your development and what factors may have contributed to this stability or lack of stability.

7. Explain how developmentalists have studied emotions in infants.

8. Summarize their findings about infant emotions.

9. Explain Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust.

10. Compare and contrast Mahler's and Erikson's explanations for the development of independence and the self during infancy.

11. Define and distinguish between child abuse and child maltreatment.

12. Evaluate the severity of child abuse, and explain why it is too simple to view child abuse as a result of the hostility of bad, sadistic parents.