МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

Національний авіаційний університет

А. Г. Гудманян, Т. В. Крилова

ГРАМАТИКА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ

ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВ

Конспект лекцій

Київ 2009

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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

Національний авіаційний університет

А. Г. Гудманян, Т. В. Крилова

ГРАМАТИКА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ

ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВ

Конспект лекцій

Київ

Видавництво Національного авіаційного університету

«НАУ-друк»

2009

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УДК 81’36:811.111;.161(042.4)

ББК Ш 141.21-2я7+Ш141.14-2я7

Г 935

Рецензенти : Г. А. Лисенко – канд. філол. наук, доц. (Національний

технічний університет України «КПІ»);

Г. В. Чеснокова – канд. філол. наук, доц., (Київський

національний лінгвістичний університет);

С. І. Сидоренко – канд. філол. наук, доц. (Національ-

ний авіаційний університет)

Затверджено методично-редакційною радою Національного

авіаційного університету (протокол № 6/09 від 12.06.2009 р.).

Гудманян А. Г.

Г 935

Граматика англійської та української мов : конспект лекцій /

А. Г. Гудманян, Т. В. Крилова. – К. : Вид-во Нац. авіац. ун-ту «НАУ-

друк», 2009. – 64 с. (Англ. мовою).

У конспекті викладено основні терміни і теоретичні засади дисципліни.

Конспект містить лекційні матеріали з відповідними завданнями для

аудиторної та самостійної роботи згідно з навчальною програмою курсу

«Граматика англійської та української мов».

Для студентів Інституту заочного та дистанційного навчання спеціаль-

ності 6.030500 «Переклад», а також для тих, хто бажає поглибити знання з

порівняльної граматики англійської та української мов.

УДК 81’36:811.111;.161(042.4)

ББК Ш 141.21-2я7+Ш141.14-2я7

© Гудманян А. Г., Крилова Т. В., 2009

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Contents

INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................4

1. LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD AND LINGUISTIC

TYPOLOGY ..............................................................................................6

1.1. Linguistic typology as a branch of linguistics ................................6

1.2. Language classifications ..............................................................8

1.2.1. Genetic classifications of languages ....................................9

1.2.2. Typological classifications of languages ..............................11

2. CONTRASTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN......21

2.1. Morphemic structure of words ......................................................21

2.2. Parts of speech ............................................................................24

2.3. Grammatical categories ................................................................28

2.4. Noun and its categories ................................................................30

2.5. Verb and its categories .................................................................39

2.5.1. Classes of verbs ..................................................................39

2.5.2. Grammatical categories of the verb .....................................42

3. CONTRASTIVE SYNTAX OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN .................50

3.1. Phrase ..........................................................................................50

3.2. Sentence ......................................................................................53

3.2.1. Simple sentence ..................................................................54

3.2.2. Composite sentence ............................................................57

PRACTICAL TASKS .................................................................................60

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE .............................................................63

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T

Introduction

he curriculum of any linguistic university includes the course

of contrastive study of the native and target languages.

Language comparison is of great interest in a theoretical as well

as an applied perspective. It reveals what is general and what is

language specific and is therefore important both for the

understanding of language in general and for the study of the

individual languages compared. Undoubtedly, the most

important aim of teaching and learning linguistic typology is to

give the student the experience of encountering a language that is

unfamiliar and often radically different from their native

language. This experience will expose the students to real data,

make them aware of variation. This subject will also contribute to

the development of critical thinking, global outlook and cultural

appreciation.

The results obtained in any branch of typological investigation

can be usefully employed in theoretical linguistics as well as in

translation and in teaching practice. A contrastive typological

treatment of the main grammatical features/phenomena, available

or unavailable in the corresponding systems of the foreign

language/languages and in the native tongue, will provide the

students not only with the linguistic results necessary for their

successful teaching practice at school, but also with

understanding of systemic organisation of languages. Using a

contrastive approach to grammar, this course deals with basic and

advanced grammar concepts and targets the particular problems

Ukrainian students commonly have with English grammar. This

course builds on the knowledge of grammar gained at the

practical grammar classes, but whereas practical classes often

concentrate on communicative skills, this course will focus on

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accuracy. Although students have encountered and practiced most

aspects of English grammar, many do not control them well. The

course will involve close working with a good grammar reference

book, analyzing texts, sentences, and grammatical structures,

doing sentence translations from Ukrainian into English.

It is well known that Ukrainian and English are very much

different. However, when Ukrainian students who are lacking a

“real” English environment learn English, they easily tend to

ignore the differences between the two languages. This is

particularly the case with writing. The Ukrainian students tend to

put their habit of writing in Ukrainian into practice of English

writing. The result is an awkward mixture in which ideas

conceived in Ukrainian are ungrammatically or unidiomatically

expressed in English writing. The main cause of it is, apparently,

linguistic interference (L1 interference accounts for some 30% of

error), and to get rid of the negative influence of the mother

tongue remains of paramount importance for students of English.

It is assumed that the learning of second language is

faicilitated whenever there are similarities between that language

and mother tongue. Learning may be interfered with when there

are marked contrasts between mother tongue and second

language. The contrastive analysis emphasises the influence of

the mother tongue in learning a second language on phonological,

morphological and syntactic levels. Examination of the

differences between the first and second languages help to predict

the possible errors that can be made by L2 learners.

The reader is not intended to replace textbooks. On the

contrary, many of the questions it contains are likely to require

further reading before they can be answered satisfactorily.

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I. LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD

AND LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY

1.1. Linguistic typology as a branch of linguistics

About 6000 languages are spoken in the world today, of which about

1000 are spoken only by very small populations. It is estimated that

nearly half of these 6000 languages are threatened because they are

spoken only by adults who no longer teach them to their children. The

death of languages is not a new phenomenon. Linguists estimate that

over the past 5000 years, at least 30 000 languages have been born and

died, generally without leaving a trace. But today, the number of

languages spoken in the world is declining at an unprecedented rate, so

that over the coming century, 90% of the languages that exist now will

likely disappear. There would then be only about 600 languages left that

would have proven relatively durable. One of these, of course, will be

English, which is spreading more and more widely on its way to

becoming the common language of the world.

Linguistic research has shown that languages differ considerably

from each other in phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic

properties. One of the most important discoveries of modern linguistics